Double effect of electrochemical reaction and substrateon hardness in electrodes of lithium-ion batteries

Based on such a complex device as a lithium-ion battery, where many concurrent events are occurring during its operation, it is difficult to understand the intrinsic relationship of electrochemical fade and mechanical properties. With the help of advanced in situ technologies, electrochemistry-induced dislocations can be visualized in real time. Here, for the first time, we build a bridge between hardness and state of charge (SOC) for electrodes in lithium-ion batteries by introducing electrochemistry-induced dislocations. Applying this model, we can consider the substrate effect in describing hardness and the SOC during charging and discharging progresses. It may be used to monitor the SOC and provide new avenues for future applications of high-performance rechargeable batteries.