Spatial variation of penetration resistance and water content as affected by tillage and crop rotation in a black soil in Northeast China

Limited information is available for understanding the spatial variation of soil penetration resistance (SPR) and water content induced by different tillage methods and crop rotations in a black soil of Northeast China. A 11-year tillage experiment in Dehui County, Jilin Province, Northeast China was conducted to evaluate the effects of tillage treatments [no tillage (NT), moldboard plow (MP), and ridge tillage (RT)] and crop rotations (corn-soybean rotation and continuous corn) on SPR and water content in relation to horizontal and vertical variations. Effect of NT, MP, and RT differed on the spatial distributions of SPR and water content among the rows, shoulders, and inter-rows. Compared with MP, NT, and RT treatments increased SPR in row and inter-row positions at the depth of 2.5–17.5 and 2.5–15 cm, respectively (p < 0.05). NT and RT led to significant decrement of soil water content than MP treatment in the rows and inter-rows of 0–15 cm layer (p < 0.05). Greater variability of SPR and water content...