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Carnal Enlightenment: The Myth of Enlightened Reason and Two Carnal Conceptions of the State

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  • معلومة اضافية
    • بيانات النشر:
      University of Zagreb Faculty of Political Science, 2011.
    • الموضوع:
      2011
    • نبذة مختصرة :
      The state in the modern sense ought to appear as the instrument of Reason able to control the passions. This is the modern myth of the state which has been fortified through the age of Enlightenment. However, the concept of ‘enlightened reason’ that lies behind the idea of the state is just a myth and thus is false. Rather, the modern state becomes the highest embodiment of ‘carnal reason’. As such, carnal reason manifests itself through the idea of self-preservation or life-preserving in general which feeds on human desire for domination over nature and over human beings themselves. Thus, the modern state provides the framework for the carnal discharge of sadistic passions in the name of the myth of ‘enlightened reason’. The argument is that the Enlightenment deceptively presented its goals as the cravings of Reason while deliberately concealing its carnal foundations. Namely, I differentiate between the sado-masochistic core of the Enlightenment and its rhetorical or intellectual mask. The life-preserving drive that inevitably transmutes into comprehensive destruction of the self, as well as destruction of the others and of the entire environment, is upheld through the legal framework of the state. I argue that it is this carnal reason that provides the foundation for the modern state, as opposed to the historically propagated ideal of ‘enlightened reason’. However, if the state represents the ultimate embodiment of ‘carnal reason’, there are at least two possible responses to that condition. The first response recognizes ‘carnal reason’ as an obstacle for the fulfilment of the Enlightenment’s ideals or as a betrayal of the idea of the state. This is the criticism developed by Horkheimer and Adorno in their diatribe on the Enlightenment and on the state, both of which are described as totalitarian and life-denying. On the other hand, the carnal conception of the state, separated from the burden of moral argument, is defended by Carl Schmitt as the fact of the political. Two carnal conceptions of the state represent two different articulations which should be juxtaposed and illuminated.
      Država u modernom smislu trebala bi se pokazati kao instrument Razuma sposoban kontrolirati strasti. To je moderni mit o državi koji se potkrepljuje tijekom doba prosvjetiteljstva. No pojam “prosvjetiteljskog razuma” koji je u pozadini ideje države samo je mit, te je stoga pogrešan. Moderna država zapravo postaje najviše utjelovljenje “karnalnog razuma”. On se kao takav očituje u ideji samoodržanja ili održanja života općenito, koje se hrani ljudskom željom za prevlasti nad prirodom i samim ljudima. Prema tome, moderna država pruža okvir za karnalno otpuštanje sadističkih strasti u ime mita “prosvjetiteljskog razuma”. Argumentacija glasi da je prosvjetiteljstvo lažno predstavilo svoje ciljeve kao čežnje Razuma i da je hotimično prikrilo svoje karnalne temelje. Naime autor pravi razliku između sadomazohističke jezgre prosvjetiteljstva i njegove retoričke ili intelektualne krinke. Nagon za održanjem života koji se neizbježno pretvara u obuhvatno samouništenje te uništenje drugih i cijelog okoliša održava se pravnim okvirom države. Autor ustvrđuje da se moderna država temelji na tom karnalnom razumu, nasuprot povijesno propagiranom idealu “prosvijetljenog razuma”. Ako je međutim država najviše utjelovljenje “karnalnog razuma”, postoje barem dvije moguće reakcije na takvo stanje. Prva prepoznaje “karnalni razum” kao prepreku ispunjavanju idealā prosvjetiteljstva ili kao izdaju ideje države. Takvu su kritiku razvili Horkheimer i Adorno u svom žučnom napadu na prosvjetiteljstvo i na državu, koje su opisali kao totalitarne i protivne životu. S druge strane, Carl Schmitt branio je karnalnu koncepciju države, oslobođenu od opterećenja moralne argumentacije, kao činjenicu političkoga. Dvije karnalne koncepcije države dvije su različite artikulacije koje valja usporediti i rasvijetliti.
    • File Description:
      application/pdf
    • ISSN:
      1846-8721
      0032-3241
    • الرقم المعرف:
      edsair.dedup.wf.002..379d078a8f630a6f2036a62c15cef0da