نبذة مختصرة : Educational accountability is treated as a philosophy and as a means of introducing system into an educational enterprise. The philosophy of accountability is discussed as to the demand for accountability, the possibility of using accountability as a political tool, the promise made by accountability and whether the promise can be kept, difficult issues, who is accountable to whom, and resistances to accountability. System approaches to accountability are viewed from the standpoint of first, establishing goals and objectives, and second, developing systems for evaluations, feedback, and corrective action. Specific program approaches to accountability described are external performance contracting, internal performance contracting, the voucher system, external audit or EPA, systems analysis, and PPBS. The evaluation portion of educational accountability is presented as to what evaluative research is, who should do the evaluation, types of evaluation studies, evaluation procedures, research design and measurement, and technique used to analyze evaluation data. Five case studies are provided as illustrations of attempts to implement accountability systems. The programs described are the Portland Public Schools Performance Contracting, Portland, Oregon; Contract Leasing, Grand Rapids, Michigan; PSRMAC Program Audit, State of Washington; A System Approach to Accountability, East Syracuse-Minoa Central Schools, New York; and The Hillsborough Public School PPBS Program, Hillsborough, California. Numerous references related to the various facets of accountability are provided. (DB)
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