Comparative genomics reveals the high diversity and adaptation strategies of Polaromonas from polar environments.

Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 100965258 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1471-2164 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14712164 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Genomics Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: London : BioMed Central, [2000-

Phylogeny* ; Genomics*/methods ; Genome, Bacterial* ; Adaptation, Physiological*/genetics; Genetic Variation ; Comamonadaceae/genetics ; Cold Temperature

Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
Background: Bacteria from the genus Polaromonas are dominant phylotypes found in a variety of low-temperature environments in polar regions. The diversity and biogeographic distribution of Polaromonas have been largely expanded on the basis of 16 S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing. However, the evolution and cold adaptation mechanisms of Polaromonas from polar regions are poorly understood at the genomic level.
Results: A total of 202 genomes of the genus Polaromonas were analyzed, and 121 different species were delineated on the basis of average nucleotide identity (ANI) and phylogenomic placements. Remarkably, 8 genomes recovered from polar environments clustered into a separate clade ('polar group' hereafter). The genome size, coding density and coding sequences (CDSs) of the polar group were significantly different from those of other nonpolar Polaromonas. Furthermore, the enrichment of genes involved in carbohydrate and peptide metabolism was evident in the polar group. In addition, genes encoding proteins related to betaine synthesis and transport were increased in the genomes from the polar group. Phylogenomic analysis revealed that two different evolutionary scenarios may explain the adaptation of Polaromonas to cold environments in polar regions.
Conclusions: The global distribution of the genus Polaromonas highlights its strong adaptability in both polar and nonpolar environments. Species delineation significantly expands our understanding of the diversity of the Polaromonas genus on a global scale. In this study, a polar-specific clade was found, which may represent a specific ecotype well adapted to polar environments. Collectively, genomic insight into the metabolic diversity, evolution and adaptation of the genus Polaromonas at the genome level provides a genetic basis for understanding the potential response mechanisms of Polaromonas to global warming in polar regions.
(© 2025. The Author(s).)

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DE-SC0020369 U.S. Department of Energy; DE-SC0020369 U.S. Department of Energy; 41941005 National Natural Science Foundation of China; 41941005 National Natural Science Foundation of China; 41941005 National Natural Science Foundation of China; 41941005 National Natural Science Foundation of China; 41941005 National Natural Science Foundation of China; 41941005 National Natural Science Foundation of China; 2023YFC281260 National Key Research and Development Project of China; 2022173 "CUG Scholar" Scientific Research Funds at China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)

Keywords: Polaromonas; Carbon cycling; Comparative genomics; Evolutionary history; Genomic adaptation

Date Created: 20250315 Date Completed: 20250315 Latest Revision: 20250318

20250318

PMC11907789

10.1186/s12864-025-11410-6

40087550