In vitro long-term exposure to chlorhexidine or triclosan induces cross-resistance against azoles in Nakaseomyces glabratus.

Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101585411 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2047-2994 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20472994 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Antimicrob Resist Infect Control Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: London : BioMed Central

Triclosan*/pharmacology ; Anti-Infective Agents, Local*/pharmacology ; Chlorhexidine*/pharmacology ; Candida albicans*/drug effects ; Candida albicans*/genetics ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests* ; Antifungal Agents*/pharmacology; Azoles/pharmacology ; Humans ; Drug Resistance, Fungal ; Imines/pharmacology ; Saccharomycetales/drug effects ; Saccharomycetales/genetics ; Whole Genome Sequencing ; Pyridines

Background: Topical antiseptics are crucial for preventing infections and reducing transmission of pathogens. However, commonly used antiseptic agents have been reported to cause cross-resistance to other antimicrobials in bacteria, which has not yet been described in yeasts. This study aims to assess the in vitro efficacy of antiseptics against clinical and reference isolates of Candida albicans and Nakaseomyces glabratus, and whether prolonged exposure to antiseptics promotes the development of antifungal (cross)resistance.
Methods: A high-throughput approach for in vitro resistance development was established to simultaneously expose 96 C. albicans and N. glabratus isolates to increasing concentrations of a given antiseptic - chlorhexidine, triclosan or octenidine. Susceptibility testing and whole genome sequencing of yeast isolates pre- and post-exposure were performed.
Results: Long-term exposure to antiseptics does not result in the development of stable resistance to the antiseptics themselves. However, 50 N. glabratus isolates acquired resistance to azole antifungals after long-term exposure to triclosan or chlorhexidine, revealing newly acquired mutations in the PDR1 and PMA1 genes.
Conclusions: Chlorhexidine as well as triclosan, but not octenidine, were able to introduce selective pressure promoting resistance to azole antifungals. Although we assessed this phenomenon only in vitro, these findings warrant critical monitoring in clinical settings.
Competing Interests: Declarations. Ethics approval and consent to participate: Not applicable. Consent for publication: Not applicable. Competing interests: The authors declare no competing interests.
(© 2024. The Author(s).)

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Keywords: Candida; Nakaseomyces; Antiseptics; Chlorhexidine; Cross-resistance; Octenidine; Triclosan

4NM5039Y5X (Triclosan)
0 (Anti-Infective Agents, Local)
R4KO0DY52L (Chlorhexidine)
0 (Antifungal Agents)
0 (Azoles)
OZE0372S5A (octenidine)
0 (Imines)
0 (Pyridines)

Date Created: 20250124 Date Completed: 20250124 Latest Revision: 20250129

20250129

PMC11755926

10.1186/s13756-024-01511-4

39849551