"OMICS" in Human Milk: Focus on Biological Effects on Bone Homeostasis.

Publisher: MDPI Publishing Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101521595 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2072-6643 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20726643 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nutrients Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: Basel, Switzerland : MDPI Publishing

Milk, Human*/chemistry ; Homeostasis* ; Bone and Bones*/metabolism; Humans ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome/physiology ; Proteomics/methods ; Bone Development/drug effects ; Infant ; Insulin-Like Growth Factor I/metabolism ; Metabolomics/methods ; Oligosaccharides/pharmacology ; MicroRNAs/metabolism ; Bone Density/drug effects

Human milk (HM) is a complex biofluid rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds essential for infant health. Recent advances in omics technologies-such as proteomics, metabolomics, and transcriptomics-have shed light on the influence of HM on bone development and health. This review discusses the impact of various HM components, including proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and hormones, on bone metabolism and skeletal growth. Proteins like casein and whey promote calcium absorption and osteoblast differentiation, supporting bone mineralization. Long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids like docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) contribute to bone health by modulating inflammatory pathways and regulating osteoclast activity. Additionally, human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs) act as prebiotics, improving gut health and calcium bioavailability while influencing bone mineralization. Hormones present in HM, such as insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), leptin, and adiponectin, have been linked to infant growth, body composition, and bone density. Research has shown that higher IGF-1 levels in breast milk are associated with increased weight gain, while leptin and adiponectin influence fat mass and bone metabolism. Emerging studies have also highlighted the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in regulating key processes like adipogenesis and bone homeostasis. Furthermore, microbiome-focused techniques reveal HM's role in establishing a balanced infant gut microbiota, indirectly influencing bone development by enhancing nutrient absorption. Although current findings are promising, comprehensive longitudinal studies integrating omics approaches are needed to fully understand the intricate relationships among maternal diet, HM composition, and infant bone health. Bridging these gaps could offer novel dietary strategies to optimize skeletal health during infancy, advancing early-life nutrition science.

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Keywords: bone physiology; human milk bioactive compounds; nutrigenomics

67763-96-6 (Insulin-Like Growth Factor I)
0 (Oligosaccharides)
0 (MicroRNAs)

Date Created: 20241127 Date Completed: 20241127 Latest Revision: 20241202

20241204

PMC11597255

10.3390/nu16223921

39599707