Effects of exposure to trihalomethanes in swimming pool waters on metabolomics profile: a randomized parallel design trial.

Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101613643 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 2052-336X (Print) NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Environ Health Sci Eng Subsets: PubMed not MEDLINE

Publication: 2018- : [London] : Springer
Original Publication: [London] : BioMed Central, c2013-

Biological mechanisms of exposure to Trihalomethanes (THMs) in swimming pools remain unclear. Investigation of short-term changes in metabolomic profiles due to exposure to THMs during swimming can help to understand the health effects-related mechanisms. With this in view, we aimed to assess exposure of swimmers to THMs in chlorine and ozone-chlorine swimming pools using the metabolomics approach from September 2020 to January 2021 in Tehran. Two parallel panels of 29 healthy adult subjects swam over 60 min in either of swimming pools. Blood samples were collected before and 2 h after swimming to assess metabolomic profile using Hydrogen-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy (H-NMR). Differential metabolites between the two groups were identified by multivariate analysis methods such as Orthogonal Partial Least-Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA) and Random Forest (RF). The levels of THMs in exhaled air as a biomarker of exposure and the metabolic profile as a biomarker of the effect changed significantly between two participants of swimming pools. Based on the significant metabolites, the biochemical pathways were identified by the method of Metabolite Setts Enrichment Analysis (MSEA) and by using the Metaboanalyst platform. The pathways of tryptophan metabolism, galactose metabolism and fructose and mannose metabolism were the most important biochemically significant pathways in individuals after exposure to THMs. Finally, findings from metabolic changes in our study indicate that exposure to THMs in swimming pools can activate the mechanisms of central nervous system disorders, increased uric acid, increased risk of bladder cancer and oxidative stress.
Supplementary Information: The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40201-024-00912-2.
Competing Interests: Competing interestsThe authors declare no competing interests.
(© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Tehran University of Medical Sciences 2024. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

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Keywords: Chlorine; Disinfection by-products; Metabolomic profile; Ozone-chlorine; Swimming pool; THMs

Date Created: 20241028 Latest Revision: 20241029

20241029

PMC11499471

10.1007/s40201-024-00912-2

39464829