Virus Shedding and Diarrhea: A Review of Human Norovirus Genogroup II Infection in Gnotobiotic Pigs.

Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101509722 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1999-4915 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19994915 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Viruses Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: Basel, Switzerland : MDPI

Norovirus*/genetics ; Norovirus*/pathogenicity ; Norovirus*/physiology ; Norovirus*/classification ; Virus Shedding* ; Caliciviridae Infections*/virology ; Caliciviridae Infections*/veterinary ; Diarrhea*/virology ; Diarrhea*/veterinary ; Germ-Free Life* ; Disease Models, Animal*; Animals ; Swine ; Humans ; Feces/virology ; Genotype

For nearly twenty years, gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs have been used as a model of human norovirus (HuNoV) infection and disease. Unique in their ability to develop diarrhea and shed virus post oral challenge, Gn pigs have since been used to evaluate the infectivity of several genogroup II HuNoV strains. Nearly all major pandemic GII.4 variants have been tested in Gn pigs, with varying rates of infectivity. Some induce an asymptomatic state despite being shed in large quantities in stool, and others induce high incidence of both diarrhea and virus shedding. Non-GII.4 strains, including GII.12 and GII.6, have also been evaluated in Gn pigs. Again, rates of diarrhea and virus shedding tend to vary between studies. Several factors may influence these findings, including age, dosage, biological host factors, or bacterial presence. The impact of these factors is nuanced and requires further evaluation to elucidate the exact mechanisms behind increases or decreases in infection rates. Regardless, the value of Gn pig models in HuNoV research cannot be understated, and the model will surely continue to contribute to the field in years to come.

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R01AI148357 United States AI NIAID NIH HHS; R41AI172485 United States AI NIAID NIH HHS

Keywords: gnotobiotic pigs; human norovirus

Date Created: 20240928 Date Completed: 20240928 Latest Revision: 20240930

20250114

PMC11437449

10.3390/v16091432

39339908