First trimester maternal serum PAPP-A and free β-hCG levels and risk of SGA or LGA in women with and without GDM.

Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 100967799 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1471-2393 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14712393 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Pregnancy Childbirth Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: London : BioMed Central, [2001-

Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A*/analysis ; Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A*/metabolism ; Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human*/blood ; Pregnancy Trimester, First*/blood ; Infant, Small for Gestational Age* ; Diabetes, Gestational*/blood ; Diabetes, Gestational*/epidemiology ; Fetal Macrosomia*/blood ; Fetal Macrosomia*/epidemiology; Humans ; Female ; Pregnancy ; Adult ; Case-Control Studies ; Retrospective Studies ; Infant, Newborn ; Finland/epidemiology ; Risk Factors ; Birth Weight

Background: Maternal gestational diabetes (GDM), small (SGA) and large (LGA) for gestational age neonates are associated with increased morbidity in both mother and child. We studied how different levels of first trimester pregnancy associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) and free beta human chorionic gonadotropin (fβ-hCG) were associated with SGA and LGA in GDM pregnancies and controls.
Methods: Altogether 23 482 women with singleton pregnancies participated in first trimester combined screening and delivered between 2014 and 2018 in Northern Finland and were included in this retrospective case-control study. Women with GDM (n = 4697) and controls without GDM (n = 18 492) were divided into groups below 5th and 10th or above 90th and 95th percentile (pc) PAPP-A and fβ-hCG MoM levels. SGA was defined as a birthweight more than two standard deviations (SD) below and LGA more than two SDs above the sex-specific and gestational age-specific reference mean. Odds ratios were adjusted (aOR) for maternal age, BMI, ethnicity, IVF/ICSI, parity and smoking.
Results: In pregnancies with GDM the proportion of SGA was 2.6% and LGA 4.5%, compared to 3.3% (p = 0.011) and 1.8% (p < 0.001) in the control group, respectively. In ≤ 5th and ≤ 10th pc PAPP-A groups, aORs for SGA were 2.7 (95% CI 1.5-4.7) and 2.2 (95% CI 1.4-3.5) in the GDM group and 3.8 (95% CI 3.0-4.9) and 2.8 (95% CI 2.3-3.5) in the reference group, respectively. When considering LGA, there was no difference in aORs in any high PAPP-A groups. In the low ≤ 5 percentile fβ-hCG MoM group, aORs for SGA was 2.3 (95% CI 1.8-3.1) in the control group. In fβ-hCG groups with GDM there was no association with SGA and the only significant difference was ≥ 90 percentile group, aOR 1.6 (95% CI 1.1-2.5) for LGA.
Conclusion: Association with low PAPP-A and SGA seems to be present despite GDM status. High PAPP-A levels are not associated with increased LGA risk in women with or without GDM. Low fβ-hCG levels are associated with SGA only in non-GDM pregnancies.
(© 2024. The Author(s).)

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Keywords: First trimester screening; Free β-human chorionic gonadotropin (fβ-hCG); Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM); Large for gestational age (LGA); Pregnancy associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A); Small for gestation age (SGA)

EC 3.4.24.- (Pregnancy-Associated Plasma Protein-A)
0 (Chorionic Gonadotropin, beta Subunit, Human)
EC 3.4.24.79 (PAPPA protein, human)

Date Created: 20240906 Date Completed: 20240907 Latest Revision: 20240916

20240916

PMC11380344

10.1186/s12884-024-06786-4

39242998