Ginseng rusty root symptoms result from nitric oxide stress in soil.

Publisher: Nature Publishing Group Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101563288 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2045-2322 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20452322 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Sci Rep Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: London : Nature Publishing Group, copyright 2011-

Panax*/metabolism ; Plant Roots*/metabolism ; Plant Roots*/growth & development ; Plant Roots*/drug effects ; Nitric Oxide*/metabolism ; Soil*/chemistry ; Reactive Oxygen Species*/metabolism; Stress, Physiological ; Antioxidants/metabolism ; Nitric Oxide Synthase/metabolism ; Nitrate Reductase/metabolism ; Plant Diseases

Ginseng, from the roots of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer, is a widely used herbal medicine in Asian countries, known for its excellent therapeutic properties. The growth of P. ginseng is depend on specific and strict environments, with a preference for wetness but intolerance for flooding. Under excessive soil moisture, some irregular rust-like substances are deposited on the root epidermis, causing ginseng rusty symptoms (GRS). This condition leads to a significant reduce in yield and quality, resulting in substantial economic loses. However, there is less knowledge on the cause of GRS and there are no effective treatments available for its treatment once it occurs. Unsuitable environments lead to the generation of large amounts of reactive oxygen species (ROS). We investigated the key indicators associated with the stress response during different physiological stages of GRS development. We observed a significant change in ROS level, MDA contents, antioxidant enzymes activities, and non-enzymatic antioxidants contents prior to the GRS. Through the analysis of soil features with an abundance of moisture, we further determined the source of ROS. The levels of nitrate reductase (NR) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activities in the inter-root soil of ginseng with GRS were significantly elevated compared to those of healthy ginseng. These enzymes boost nitric oxide (NO) levels, which in turn showed a favorable correlation with the GRS. The activities of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase first rose and then decreased as GRS developed. Excess soil moisture causes a decrease in oxygen levels. This activated NR and NOS in the soil, resulting in a production of excess NO. The NO then diffused into the ginseng root and triggered a burst of ROS through NADPH located on the cell membrane. Additionally, Fe ²⁺ in soil was oxidized to red Fe ³⁺ , and finally led to GRS. This conclusion was also verified by the Sodium Nitroprusside (SNP), a precursor compound producing NO. The presence of NO from NR and NOS in water-saturated soil is responsible for the generation of ROS. Among these, NO is the main component that contribute to the occurrence of GRS.
(© 2024. The Author(s).)

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2021YFD1600901 National Key Research and Development Program of China; 20012210001 National Natural Science Foundation of China

Keywords: Antioxidant oxidase; Environmental stress; Ginseng rusty root symptoms; NO; ROS

31C4KY9ESH (Nitric Oxide)
0 (Soil)
0 (Reactive Oxygen Species)
0 (Antioxidants)
EC 1.14.13.39 (Nitric Oxide Synthase)
EC 1.7.99.4 (Nitrate Reductase)

Date Created: 20240902 Date Completed: 20240902 Latest Revision: 20240905

20240905

PMC11368917

10.1038/s41598-024-70994-3

39223197