From Gut Microbiota to Brain Waves: The Potential of the Microbiome and EEG as Biomarkers for Cognitive Impairment.

Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101092791 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1422-0067 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14220067 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Mol Sci Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: Basel, Switzerland : MDPI, [2000-

Gastrointestinal Microbiome* ; Electroencephalography*/methods ; Cognitive Dysfunction*/microbiology ; Cognitive Dysfunction*/diagnosis ; Cognitive Dysfunction*/physiopathology ; Biomarkers* ; Alzheimer Disease*/microbiology ; Alzheimer Disease*/physiopathology; Humans ; Brain Waves ; Brain/physiopathology ; Brain-Gut Axis/physiology ; Dysbiosis/microbiology

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder and a leading cause of dementia. Aging is a significant risk factor for AD, emphasizing the importance of early detection since symptoms cannot be reversed once the advanced stage is reached. Currently, there is no established method for early AD diagnosis. However, emerging evidence suggests that the microbiome has an impact on cognitive function. The gut microbiome and the brain communicate bidirectionally through the gut-brain axis, with systemic inflammation identified as a key connection that may contribute to AD. Gut dysbiosis is more prevalent in individuals with AD compared to their cognitively healthy counterparts, leading to increased gut permeability and subsequent systemic inflammation, potentially causing neuroinflammation. Detecting brain activity traditionally involves invasive and expensive methods, but electroencephalography (EEG) poses as a non-invasive alternative. EEG measures brain activity and multiple studies indicate distinct patterns in individuals with AD. Furthermore, EEG patterns in individuals with mild cognitive impairment differ from those in the advanced stage of AD, suggesting its potential as a method for early indication of AD. This review aims to consolidate existing knowledge on the microbiome and EEG as potential biomarkers for early-stage AD, highlighting the current state of research and suggesting avenues for further investigation.

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1R21AG082164-01 National institute of aging (NIA)

Keywords: Alzheimer’s; aging; electroencephalography; inflammation; microbiome; mild cognitive impairment

0 (Biomarkers)

Date Created: 20240627 Date Completed: 20240627 Latest Revision: 20240629

20240629

PMC11203453

10.3390/ijms25126678

38928383