Central nervous system-derived extracellular vesicles: the next generation of neural circulating biomarkers?

Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101591861 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 2047-9158 (Print) Linking ISSN: 20479158 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Transl Neurodegener Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: [London] : BioMed Central, 2012-

Extracellular Vesicles*/metabolism ; Biomarkers*/blood ; Central Nervous System*/metabolism ; Neurodegenerative Diseases*/blood ; Neurodegenerative Diseases*/diagnosis ; Neurodegenerative Diseases*/metabolism; Humans ; Animals

The central nervous system (CNS) is integrated by glial and neuronal cells, and both release extracellular vesicles (EVs) that participate in CNS homeostasis. EVs could be one of the best candidates to operate as nanosized biological platforms for analysing multidimensional bioactive cargos, which are protected during systemic circulation of EVs. Having a window into the molecular level processes that are happening in the CNS could open a new avenue in CNS research. This raises a particular point of interest: can CNS-derived EVs in blood serve as circulating biomarkers that reflect the pathological status of neurological diseases? L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1CAM) is a widely reported biomarker to identify CNS-derived EVs in peripheral blood. However, it has been demonstrated that L1CAM is also expressed outside the CNS. Given that principal data related to neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease were obtained using L1CAM-positive EVs, efforts to overcome present challenges related to its specificity are required. In this sense, other surface biomarkers for CNS-derived EVs, such as glutamate aspartate transporter (GLAST) and myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG), among others, have started to be used. Establishing a panel of EV biomarkers to analyse CNS-derived EVs in blood could increase the specificity and sensitivity necessary for these types of studies. This review covers the main evidence related to CNS-derived EVs in cerebrospinal fluid and blood samples of patients with neurological diseases, focusing on the reported biomarkers and the technical possibilities for their isolation. EVs are emerging as a mirror of brain physiopathology, reflecting both localized and systemic changes. Therefore, when the technical hindrances for EV research and clinical applications are overcome, novel disease-specific panels of EV biomarkers would be discovered to facilitate transformation from traditional medicine to personalized medicine.
(© 2024. The Author(s).)

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PI20/1253 Instituto de Salud Carlos III; KK-2021/00009 Departamento de Desarrollo Económico, Sostenibilidad y Medio Ambiente; ECTRIMS Postdoctoral Research Fellowship 2023 European Committee for Treatment and Research in Multiple Sclerosis; Predoctoral fellowship Basque Government

Keywords: Brain-derived EVs; Central nervous system-derived EVs; Cerebrospinal fluid EVs; Circulating biomarkers; Extracellular vesicles; Neural-derived EVs; Neurodegenerative diseases; Plasma EVs

0 (Biomarkers)

Date Created: 20240619 Date Completed: 20240620 Latest Revision: 20240622

20240622

PMC11186231

10.1186/s40035-024-00418-9

38898538