Interspecies co-feeding transmission of Powassan virus between a native tick, Ixodes scapularis, and the invasive East Asian tick, Haemaphysalis longicornis.

Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101462774 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1756-3305 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 17563305 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Parasit Vectors Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: London : BioMed Central

Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne*/genetics ; Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne*/isolation & purification ; Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne*/physiology ; Encephalitis, Tick-Borne*/transmission ; Encephalitis, Tick-Borne*/virology ; Ixodes*/virology ; Ixodes*/physiology ; Ixodidae*/virology ; Ixodidae*/physiology; Animals ; Mice ; Female ; Feeding Behavior ; Introduced Species ; Haemaphysalis longicornis ; East Asian People

Background: Powassan virus, a North American tick-borne flavivirus, can cause severe neuroinvasive disease in humans. While Ixodes scapularis are the primary vectors of Powassan virus lineage II (POWV II), also known as deer tick virus, recent laboratory vector competence studies showed that other genera of ticks can horizontally and vertically transmit POWV II. One such tick is the Haemaphysalis longicornis, an invasive species from East Asia that recently established populations in the eastern USA and already shares overlapping geographic range with native vector species such as I. scapularis. Reports of invasive H. longicornis feeding concurrently with native I. scapularis on multiple sampled hosts highlight the potential for interspecies co-feeding transmission of POWV II. Given the absence of a clearly defined vertebrate reservoir host for POWV II, it is possible that this virus is sustained in transmission foci via nonviremic transmission between ticks co-feeding on the same vertebrate host. The objective of this study was to evaluate whether uninfected H. longicornis co-feeding in close proximity to POWV II-infected I. scapularis can acquire POWV independent of host viremia.
Methods: Using an in vivo tick transmission model, I. scapularis females infected with POWV II ("donors") were co-fed on mice with uninfected H. longicornis larvae and nymphs ("recipients"). The donor and recipient ticks were infested on mice in various sequences, and mouse infection status was monitored by temporal screening of blood for POWV II RNA via quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (q-RT-PCR).
Results: The prevalence of POWV II RNA was highest in recipient H. longicornis that fed on viremic mice. However, nonviremic mice were also able to support co-feeding transmission of POWV, as demonstrated by the detection of viral RNA in multiple H. longicornis dispersed across different mice. Detection of viral RNA at the skin site of tick feeding but not at distal skin sites indicates that a localized skin infection facilitates transmission of POWV between donor and recipient ticks co-feeding in close proximity.
Conclusions: This is the first report examining transmission of POWV between co-feeding ticks. Against the backdrop of multiple unknowns related to POWV ecology, findings from this study provide insight on possible mechanisms by which POWV could be maintained in nature.
(© 2024. The Author(s).)

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R21 AI163693 United States AI NIAID NIH HHS; R21AI163693 National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases

Keywords: Haemaphysalis longicornis; Co-feeding transmission; Nonviremic transmission; Powassan virus

Date Created: 20240615 Date Completed: 20240615 Latest Revision: 20240619

20240619

PMC11180395

10.1186/s13071-024-06335-0

38879603