The Efficacy of Multivitamin, Vitamin A, Vitamin B, Vitamin C, and Vitamin D Supplements in the Prevention and Management of COVID-19 and Long-COVID: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.

Publisher: MDPI Publishing Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101521595 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2072-6643 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20726643 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nutrients Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: Basel, Switzerland : MDPI Publishing

Dietary Supplements* ; COVID-19*/prevention & control ; COVID-19*/mortality ; Vitamins*/therapeutic use ; Vitamin D*/therapeutic use ; Vitamin D*/administration & dosage ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic* ; Ascorbic Acid*/therapeutic use ; Ascorbic Acid*/administration & dosage ; SARS-CoV-2* ; Vitamin A*/therapeutic use ; Vitamin A*/administration & dosage; Humans ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Vitamin B Complex/therapeutic use

This review aims to evaluate the efficacy of any vitamin administration(s) in preventing and managing COVID-19 and/or long-COVID. Databases were searched up to May 2023 to identify randomized clinical trials comparing data on the effects of vitamin supplementation(s) versus placebo or standard of care on the two conditions of interest. Inverse-variance random-effects meta-analyses were conducted to estimate pooled risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for all-cause mortality between supplemented and non-supplemented individuals. Overall, 37 articles were included: two regarded COVID-19 and long-COVID prevention and 35 records the COVID-19 management. The effects of vitamin D in preventing COVID-19 and long-COVID were contrasting. Similarly, no conclusion could be drawn on the efficacy of multivitamins, vitamin A, and vitamin B in COVID-19 management. A few positive findings were reported in some vitamin C trials but results were inconsistent in most outcomes, excluding all-cause mortality (RR = 0.84; 95% CI: 0.72-0.97). Vitamin D results were mixed in most aspects, including mortality, in which benefits were observed in regular administrations only (RR = 0.67; 95% CI: 0.49-0.91). Despite some benefits, results were mostly contradictory. Variety in recruitment and treatment protocols might explain this heterogeneity. Better-designed studies are needed to clarify these vitamins' potential effects against SARS-CoV-2.

Nutrients. 2022 Jun 23;14(13):. (PMID: 35807783)
Trials. 2021 Nov 14;22(1):802. (PMID: 34776002)
Nutrients. 2022 Oct 01;14(19):. (PMID: 36235733)
Life (Basel). 2021 Dec 03;11(12):. (PMID: 34947872)
Nutrients. 2022 Oct 10;14(19):. (PMID: 36235869)
Medicine (Baltimore). 2022 Oct 28;101(43):e31138. (PMID: 36316932)
Clin Med (Lond). 2020 Jul;20(4):e107-e108. (PMID: 32503801)
Life (Basel). 2022 Mar 19;12(3):. (PMID: 35330204)
Aging Clin Exp Res. 2020 Oct;32(10):2141-2158. (PMID: 32876941)
Evid Based Ment Health. 2019 Nov;22(4):153-160. (PMID: 31563865)
Front Immunol. 2021 Dec 15;12:717816. (PMID: 34975830)
Front Public Health. 2020 Sep 10;8:513. (PMID: 33014983)
BMJ. 2022 Sep 7;378:e071230. (PMID: 36215226)
Am J Clin Nutr. 1997 Aug;66(2):460S-463S. (PMID: 9250133)
Nutrition. 2023 Mar;107:111899. (PMID: 36529089)
Urol J. 2022 Dec 06;19(6):460-465. (PMID: 34746999)
Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2021 Nov-Dec;15(6):102324. (PMID: 34739908)
Metabolism. 2021 Feb;115:154434. (PMID: 33217408)
J Am Board Fam Med. 2022 Jul-Aug;35(4):695-707. (PMID: 35896462)
MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2022 Feb 11;71(6):217-223. (PMID: 35143466)
Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther. 2022 Sep 28;:1-7. (PMID: 36108676)
Diabetes Metab Syndr. 2021 Jul-Aug;15(4):102189. (PMID: 34217144)
Maturitas. 2021 Jan;143:1-9. (PMID: 33308613)
Endocr Pract. 2021 Dec;27(12):1242-1251. (PMID: 34653608)
Trials. 2023 Feb 20;24(1):123. (PMID: 36803273)
Am J Clin Nutr. 1996 May;63(5):760-5. (PMID: 8615361)
Diagn Histopathol (Oxf). 2021 Mar;27(3):128-133. (PMID: 33519972)
Inflammopharmacology. 2023 Dec;31(6):3357-3362. (PMID: 37071316)
Arch Endocrinol Metab. 2023 Mar 10;67(2):276-288. (PMID: 36913680)
Front Pediatr. 2022 Jul 25;10:943529. (PMID: 35958172)
Ann Intensive Care. 2021 Jan 9;11(1):5. (PMID: 33420963)
Nutrients. 2017 Nov 03;9(11):. (PMID: 29099763)
J Immunol. 2009 Apr 1;182(7):4289-95. (PMID: 19299728)
J Clin Med. 2022 Jul 01;11(13):. (PMID: 35807123)
J Clin Epidemiol. 2021 Nov;139:68-79. (PMID: 34274489)
JAMA Netw Open. 2021 Feb 1;4(2):e210369. (PMID: 33576820)
Am J Clin Nutr. 2022 Mar 4;115(3):790-798. (PMID: 35020796)
Nutrients. 2022 Jul 26;14(15):. (PMID: 35893907)
Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2021 Nov 26;76:e3549. (PMID: 34852148)
BMC Med. 2022 Feb 18;20(1):83. (PMID: 35177066)
J Diet Suppl. 2022;19(1):143-145. (PMID: 34842035)
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013 Jan 31;(1):CD000980. (PMID: 23440782)
Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol. 2023 Apr;396(4):607-620. (PMID: 36508011)
Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2022 Jan 21;19(3):. (PMID: 35162195)
Drugs Context. 2021 Oct 06;10:. (PMID: 34659426)
Nutr Health. 2022 Oct 7;:2601060221129144. (PMID: 36205099)
Nutrients. 2020 Aug 07;12(8):. (PMID: 32784601)
Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2023 Jan 30;1:CD006207. (PMID: 36715243)
PLoS One. 2022 May 27;17(5):e0267918. (PMID: 35622854)
Sci Rep. 2022 Nov 3;12(1):18604. (PMID: 36329227)
Diabetes Metab Res Rev. 2022 May;38(4):e3517. (PMID: 34965318)
Front Public Health. 2021 Jul 21;9:702699. (PMID: 34368065)
Cureus. 2023 Sep 28;15(9):e46121. (PMID: 37900412)
Aging (Albany NY). 2020 Aug 15;12(15):15784-15796. (PMID: 32805728)
BMJ. 2019 Aug 28;366:l4898. (PMID: 31462531)
J Clin Epidemiol. 2021 Jun;134:178-189. (PMID: 33789819)
Postgrad Med J. 2006 Sep;82(971):559-67. (PMID: 16954450)
Am J Clin Nutr. 2021 May 8;113(5):1275-1281. (PMID: 33515005)
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2023 Apr;228:106248. (PMID: 36646151)
Eur J Med Res. 2021 Feb 11;26(1):20. (PMID: 33573699)
Life (Basel). 2022 Nov 01;12(11):. (PMID: 36362912)
East Mediterr Health J. 2022 Sep 29;28(9):673-681. (PMID: 36205206)
Cureus. 2020 Nov 30;12(11):e11779. (PMID: 33409026)
Arch Med Res. 2022 Jun;53(4):423-430. (PMID: 35487792)
JAMA. 2021 Mar 16;325(11):1053-1060. (PMID: 33595634)
Clin Infect Dis. 2020 Jul 28;71(15):870-874. (PMID: 32215613)
Nutrients. 2023 Nov 17;15(22):. (PMID: 38004213)
Rev Med Virol. 2022 Jan;32(1):e2261. (PMID: 34133812)
Cureus. 2023 Jan 13;15(1):e33740. (PMID: 36793827)
Biometrics. 2018 Sep;74(3):785-794. (PMID: 29141096)
QJM. 2021 May 19;114(3):175-181. (PMID: 33486522)
J Endocrinol Invest. 2022 Jan;45(1):53-68. (PMID: 34165766)
Nutr Clin Pract. 2022 Apr;37(2):274-281. (PMID: 35148440)
J Pathol. 2015 Jan;235(2):149-52. (PMID: 25366544)
Front Nutr. 2023 Mar 07;10:1131103. (PMID: 36960206)
Nutrients. 2023 Apr 12;15(8):. (PMID: 37111066)
Postgrad Med J. 2022 Feb;98(1156):87-90. (PMID: 33184146)
Front Pharmacol. 2022 Apr 29;13:899198. (PMID: 35571085)
J Clin Med. 2021 May 28;10(11):. (PMID: 34071293)
Biomed Pharmacother. 2022 Mar;147:112658. (PMID: 35066300)
J Res Pharm Pract. 2022 Dec 14;11(2):64-72. (PMID: 36798102)
J Family Med Prim Care. 2022 Aug;11(8):4758-4765. (PMID: 36352995)
Nutrients. 2022 Apr 13;14(8):. (PMID: 35458189)
Cureus. 2021 Nov 25;13(11):e19902. (PMID: 34976511)
Int J Mol Sci. 2015 Nov 02;16(11):26087-124. (PMID: 26540040)
Bone. 2022 Jan;154:116175. (PMID: 34508882)
Crit Care Med. 1996 Mar;24(3):392-7. (PMID: 8625625)
J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol. 2020 Oct;203:105751. (PMID: 32871238)
Nutrients. 2023 Feb 28;15(5):. (PMID: 36904232)
Clin Exp Immunol. 2017 Dec;190(3):351-359. (PMID: 28856667)
BMJ. 2003 Sep 6;327(7414):557-60. (PMID: 12958120)

Keywords: COVID-19; randomized clinical trials; systematic review; vitamin

0 (Vitamins)
1406-16-2 (Vitamin D)
PQ6CK8PD0R (Ascorbic Acid)
11103-57-4 (Vitamin A)
12001-76-2 (Vitamin B Complex)

Date Created: 20240511 Date Completed: 20240511 Latest Revision: 20240710

20240711

PMC11085542

10.3390/nu16091345

38732592