Epidemiological Features of Human Norovirus Genotypes before and after COVID-19 Countermeasures in Osaka, Japan.

Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101509722 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1999-4915 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19994915 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Viruses Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: Basel, Switzerland : MDPI

Norovirus*/genetics ; Norovirus*/classification ; Caliciviridae Infections*/epidemiology ; Caliciviridae Infections*/virology ; Genotype* ; Phylogeny* ; COVID-19*/epidemiology ; COVID-19*/virology ; COVID-19*/prevention & control; Humans ; Japan/epidemiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Infant ; Adult ; Adolescent ; Middle Aged ; Young Adult ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2/classification ; Aged ; Female ; Male ; Prevalence ; Molecular Epidemiology ; Infant, Newborn ; Aged, 80 and over ; Gastroenteritis/virology ; Gastroenteritis/epidemiology ; Gastroenteritis/prevention & control ; Feces/virology

We investigated the molecular epidemiology of human norovirus (HuNoV) in all age groups using samples from April 2019 to March 2023, before and after the COVID-19 countermeasures were implemented. GII.2[P16] and GII.4[P31], the prevalent strains in Japan before COVID-19 countermeasures, remained prevalent during the COVID-19 pandemic, except from April to November 2020; in 2021, the prevalence of GII.2[P16] increased among children. Furthermore, there was an increase in the prevalence of GII.4[P16] after December 2022. Phylogenetic analysis of GII.P31 RdRp showed that some strains detected in 2022 belonged to a different cluster of other strains obtained during the present study period, suggesting that HuNoV strains will evolve differently even if they have the same type of RdRp. An analysis of the amino acid sequence of VP1 showed that some antigenic sites of GII.4[P16] were different from those of GII.4[P31]. The present study showed high infectivity of HuNoV despite the COVID-19 countermeasures and revealed changes in the prevalent genotypes and mutations of each genotype. In the future, we will investigate whether GII.4[P16] becomes more prevalent, providing new insights by comparing the new data with those analyzed in the present study.

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JP20K18924 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science; JP18KK0270 Japan Society for the Promotion of Science

Keywords: COVID-19; dual typing; molecular epidemiology; norovirus

Date Created: 20240427 Date Completed: 20240427 Latest Revision: 20240521

20250114

PMC11055107

10.3390/v16040654

38675994