Psychological Reactions during and after a Lockdown: Self-Efficacy as a Protective Factor of Mental Health.

Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101238455 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1660-4601 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 16604601 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Environ Res Public Health Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: Basel : MDPI, c2004-

Mental Health* ; COVID-19*/epidemiology; Child ; Male ; Humans ; Female ; Protective Factors ; Self Efficacy ; Communicable Disease Control

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of home confinement/social isolation (i.e., lockdown), imposed to reduce large-scale spread of a disease in the population, on the mental health of individuals. Through an online survey during the lockdown ( DL ) related to COVID-19 (1085 respondents, 627 females, age range : 18-82) (Italy, 23 April-2 May 2020), we revealed that situational factors, i.e., the presence of children at home and female gender, and psychological factors, i.e., a greater sense of isolation, lower perception of safety outside the home and higher trait anxiety, predicted higher levels of state anxiety (R ² = 0.58). The same factors, but with young age instead of the presence of children, predicted higher levels of perceived stress (R ² = 0.63). Then, these data were compared with those collected after the lockdown ( AL ) (174 respondents, 128 females, age range : 19-78) (Italy, 1 July-31 October 2021). The results showed that along with a reduced sense of isolation ( DL = 2.90 vs. AL = 2.10) and an increased perception of safety outside the home ( DL = 2.63 vs. AL = 3.05), a reduction in state anxiety ( DL = 45.76 vs. AL = 40.88) and stress appeared ( DL = 18.84 vs. AL = 17.63). However, the situation was better for men than for women. Perceived self-efficacy emerged as a protective factor for mental health (R ² range : 0.03-0.27). The results are discussed in light of the evidence on the effects of lockdown on individuals worldwide. These results may be used to make more educated decisions on targeted help for individuals who may be most adversely affected by the adoption of lockdowns in the future.

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Keywords: COVID-19; anxiety; isolation; lockdown; mental health; self-efficacy; stress

Date Created: 20230908 Date Completed: 20230911 Latest Revision: 20230912

20240829

PMC10488210

10.3390/ijerph20176679

37681819