An Overview of the Factors Involved in Biofilm Production by the Enterococcus Genus.

Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101092791 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1422-0067 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14220067 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Mol Sci Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: Basel, Switzerland : MDPI, [2000-

Enterococcus*/genetics ; Enterococcus*/metabolism ; Biofilms*; Enterococcus faecalis/metabolism ; Quorum Sensing ; Gelatinases/metabolism ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism

Enterococcus species are known for their ability to form biofilms, which contributes to their survival in extreme environments and involvement in persistent bacterial infections, especially in the case of multi-drug-resistant strains. This review aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms underlying biofilm formation in clinically important species such as Enterococcus faecalis and the less studied but increasingly multi-drug-resistant Enterococcus faecium , and explores potential strategies for their eradication. Biofilm formation in Enterococcus involves a complex interplay of genes and virulence factors, including gelatinase, cytolysin, Secreted antigen A, pili, microbial surface components that recognize adhesive matrix molecules (MSCRAMMs), and DNA release. Quorum sensing, a process of intercellular communication, mediated by peptide pheromones such as Cob, Ccf, and Cpd, plays a crucial role in coordinating biofilm development by targeting gene expression and regulation. Additionally, the regulation of extracellular DNA (eDNA) release has emerged as a fundamental component in biofilm formation. In E. faecalis , the autolysin N-acetylglucosaminidase and proteases such as gelatinase and serin protease are key players in this process, influencing biofilm development and virulence. Targeting eDNA may offer a promising avenue for intervention in biofilm-producing E. faecalis infections. Overall, gaining insights into the intricate mechanisms of biofilm formation in Enterococcus may provide directions for anti-biofilm therapeutic research, with the purpose of reducing the burden of Enterococcus -associated infections.

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Keywords: MSCRAMMs; antibiotic resistance; biofilm formation; enterococcus; extracellular DNA (eDNA); pheromone signaling; pili-mediated adhesion; quorum sensing; virulence factors

EC 3.4.24.- (Gelatinases)
0 (Bacterial Proteins)

Date Created: 20230729 Date Completed: 20230731 Latest Revision: 20230801

20231215

PMC10380289

10.3390/ijms241411577

37511337