ADHD-related sex differences in emotional symptoms across development.

Publisher: Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 9212296 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1435-165X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 10188827 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry Subsets: MEDLINE

Publication: 2010- : Heidelberg : Springer Medizin
Original Publication: Toronto ; Lewiston, NY : Hogrefe & Huber, [1992-

Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity*/psychology ; Depression*/psychology; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Child ; Adolescent ; Sex Factors ; Anxiety/psychology ; Affective Symptoms/psychology ; Affective Symptoms/physiopathology ; Emotions/physiology ; Sex Characteristics ; Psychiatric Status Rating Scales

To investigate developmental changes in emotion dysregulation (ED) and associated symptoms of emotional lability, irritability, anxiety, and depression, among girls and boys with and without ADHD from childhood through adolescence. Data were collected from a sample of 8-18-year-old children with (n = 264; 76 girls) and without (n = 153; 56 girls) ADHD, with multiple time-points from a subsample of participants (n = 121). Parents and youth completed rating scales assessing child ED, emotional lability, irritability, anxiety, and depression. Mixed effects models were employed to examine effects and interactions of diagnosis, sex [biological sex assigned at birth], age among boys and girls with and without ADHD. Mixed effects analyses showed sexually dimorphic developmental patterns between boys and girls, such that boys with ADHD showed a greater reduction in ED, irritability, and anxiety with age compared to girls with ADHD, whose symptom levels remained elevated relative to TD girls. Depressive symptoms were persistently elevated among girls with ADHD compared to boys with ADHD, whose symptoms decreased with age, relative to same-sex TD peers. While both boys and girls with ADHD showed higher levels of ED during childhood (compared to their sex-matched TD peers), mixed effects analyses revealed substantial sexually dimorphic patterns of emotional symptom change during adolescence: Boys with ADHD showed robust improvements in emotional symptoms from childhood to adolescence while girls with ADHD continued to show high and/or increased levels of ED, emotional lability, irritability, anxiety and depression.
(© 2023. This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply.)

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K23 MH107734 United States MH NIMH NIH HHS; R01 MH085328 United States MH NIMH NIH HHS; R01 MH078160 United States MH NIMH NIH HHS; R03 MH119457 United States MH NIMH NIH HHS; K23 MH101322 United States MH NIMH NIH HHS; K23MH101322 National Institutes of Health, United States; R01MH078160 National Institutes of Health, United States; K23MH107734 National Institutes of Health, United States; NARSAD Young Investigator's Award Brain and Behavior Research Foundation

Keywords: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD); Comorbidity; Developmental patterns; Emotion regulation; Irritability

Date Created: 20230627 Date Completed: 20240516 Latest Revision: 20240518

20240518

PMC10986680

10.1007/s00787-023-02251-3

37368082