Energy Availability and Nutritional Intake during Different Training Phases of Wheelchair Athletes.

Publisher: MDPI Publishing Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101521595 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2072-6643 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20726643 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nutrients Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: Basel, Switzerland : MDPI Publishing

Para-Athletes* ; Sports for Persons with Disabilities*; Humans ; Male ; Female ; Adult ; Athletes ; Eating ; Vitamin D ; Energy Intake ; Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena

Optimizing nutritional intake and timing helps athletes to improve performance and long-term health. Different training phases can require varying nutritional needs. In this study, we conducted a descriptive assessment of dietary intake, energy availability (EA), and blood biochemical parameters in elite wheelchair athletes during distinct training phases. Data analyzed in this study were collected as part of a randomized controlled crossover trial exploring the feasibility of probiotics and prebiotic supplementation. Data were obtained from consecutive three-day diaries and blood samples, both collected at four different time points across four consecutive months. We included 14 athletes (mean (standard deviation) age 34 (9) years, eight females, and six males) active in different wheelchair sports. The mean daily nutritional intake (g/kg body mass) for females and males was 2.7 (0.9) and 4.0 (0.7) for carbohydrates, 1.1 (0.3) and 1.5 (0.3) for protein, and 0.8 (0.3) and 1.4 (0.2) for fat. EA did not change across the four time points in either female ( p = 0.30) or male ( p = 0.05) athletes. The mean EA was lower in female athletes compared to male athletes ( p = 0.03). Low EA (≤30 kcal/ kg fat-free mass/day) was observed in female (58 (29) % of days) and male (34 (23) % of days) athletes. Iron deficiency with anemia was observed in two female athletes. Mean vitamin D levels were insufficient (<75 nmol/L). Macronutrient intake, EA, and blood biochemical parameters were suboptimal in this cohort of elite wheelchair athletes, especially in female athletes.

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Swiss Paraplegic Foundation and Swiss Olympic

Keywords: Paralympic; macronutrient; micronutrient; nutrition; paraplegic; season; spinal cord injury; tetraplegic

1406-16-2 (Vitamin D)

Date Created: 20230610 Date Completed: 20230612 Latest Revision: 20230612

20231215

PMC10255248

10.3390/nu15112578

37299541