Human monkeypox: epidemiology, transmission, pathogenesis, immunology, diagnosis and therapeutics.

Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: Netherlands NLM ID: 0364456 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1573-4919 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 03008177 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Mol Cell Biochem Subsets: MEDLINE

Publication: New York : Springer
Original Publication: The Hague, Dr. W. Junk B. V. Publishers.

Mpox (monkeypox)*/diagnosis ; Mpox (monkeypox)*/drug therapy ; Mpox (monkeypox)*/epidemiology ; Smallpox Vaccine*; Animals ; Humans ; Benzamides ; Cidofovir ; Cytokines

"Zoonoses" describe diseases that may be acquired by humans from animals. Due to the constant contact between humans and other animals, many infectious diseases are disseminated. This may happen via direct contact, such as bites or scratches, or by indirect contact, such as when eating bush meat or using contaminated animal parts. Monkeypox disease is one such zoonotic infection which is now emerging as a disease of global concern, and the World Health Organization has already labelled it a public health emergency. The virus is related to other orthopox viruses and may be further classified into two genetically separate clades, the West African and the Central African. The latter is far more pathogenic than the former. Utilizing virotransducer and virostealth proteins, the virus is able to control the host's T-cell-mediated responses and impede the release of cytokines and chemokines.Monkeypox may be treated with tecovirimat, cidofovir, or brincidofovir, and prevention with the vaccination JYNNEOS is recommended. The disease's fast global expansion warrants concern despite the fact that it is less fatal than that caused by the variola virus. Before the sickness reaches catastrophic proportions, we must draw on our prior experiences and act prudently. This article serves as an introduction to the monkeypox virus and its associated pathology, treatments, diagnostics, and preventative measures.
(© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer Science+Business Media, LLC, part of Springer Nature.)

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AfricaNews 2022 South Africa reports first case of monkeypox. In: Africanews. https://www.africanews.com/2022/06/23/south-africa-reports-first-case-of-monkeypox/ . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
News desk 2022 Central African Republic reports monkeypox outbreak since March. In: Outbreak News Today. http://outbreaknewstoday.com/central-african-republic-reports-monkeypox-outbreak-since-march-28671/ . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
Reuters 2022 Liberia reports first monkeypox case since 2018 https://www.reuters.com/world/africa/liberia-reports-first-monkeypox-case-since-2018-2022-07-25/ . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
News desk 2022 Cameroon monkeypox: Follow-up and more details http://outbreaknewstoday.com/cameroon-monkeypox-follow-up-and-more-details-15866/ . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
News desk 2022 Africa: Benin reports 3 monkeypox cases http://outbreaknewstoday.com/africa-benin-reports-3-monkeypox-cases-16828/ . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
News desk 2022 Ghana reports monkeypox outbreak, 5 confirmed cases http://outbreaknewstoday.com/ghana-reports-monkeypox-outbreak-5-confirmed-cases-47190/ . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
AfricaNews 2022 Morocco reports first confirmed case of monkeypox - Health Ministry- https://www.africanews.com/2022/06/03/morocco-reports-first-confirmed-case-of-monkeypox-health-ministry/ /. Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
Prasad R 2022 Mistake of ignoring monkeypox outbreak in Nigeria. The Hindu. https://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/science/mistake-of-ignoring-monkeypox-outbreak-in-nigeria/article65467484.ece . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
SudanTribune 2022 Sudan reports first monkeypox case. In: Sudan Tribune. https://sudantribune.com/article262136/ . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
Medicalxpress 2022 Egypt records its first monkeypox case. https://medicalxpress.com/news/2022-09-egypt-monkeypox-case.html . Accessed 20 Oct 2022.
Online T 2022 First monkeypox case detected in Mozambique. In: Tribune Online. https://tribuneonlineng.com/first-monkeypox-case-detected-in-mozambique/ . Accessed 20 Oct 2022.
News desk 2022 Canada: Yukon reports 1st monkeypox case http://outbreaknewstoday.com/canada-yukon-reports-1st-monkeypox-case-28821/#:~:text=The%20first%20monkeypox%20case%20has,Sudit%20Ranade.&text=%E2%80%9COn%20Thursday%2C%20July%2021%2C,was%20confirmed%20in%20the%20territory . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
News desk 2022 Costa Rica reports 1st monkeypox case http://outbreaknewstoday.com/costa-rica-reports-1st-monkeypox-case-61307/#:~:text=The%20Costa%20Rica%20Ministry%20of,is%20considered%20a%20imported%20case . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
Loop News 2022 Monkeypox case confirmed in Martinique https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/monkeypox-case-confirmed-martinique . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
Fuentes M 2022 Cuba confirms first monkeypox case in visitor from Italy. Reuters https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/cuba-confirms-first-monkeypox-case-visitor-italy-2022-08-21/ . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
Reuters 2022 Mexico confirms first case of monkeypox https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/mexico-confirms-first-case-monkeypox-health-official-2022-05-28/#:~:text=MEXICO%20CITY%2C%20May%2028%20(Reuters,Lopez%2DGatell%20said%20on%20Twitter . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
Ministry of Health & Wellness, Jamaica 2022 First Local Monkeypox Case confirmed in Jamaica https://www.moh.gov.jm/first-local-monkeypox-case-confirmed-in-jamaica/#:~:text=Jamaica%20has%20confirmed%20a%20third,the%20two%20previously%20announced%20cases . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
The limited times 2022 https://newsrnd.com/news/2022-08-10-monkeypox-virus-arrives-in-greenland.Hkl8mDTlR9.html . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
Moreno E 2022 Panama reports country’s first monkeypox case. Reuters https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/panama-reports-countrys-first-monkeypox-case-2022-07-05/#:~:text=PANAMA%20CITY%2C%20July%205%20(Reuters,Panama's%20health%20ministry%20said%20Tuesday . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
Dept E 2022 ARS confirms first case of monkeypox on French side. In: The Daily Herald. https://www.thedailyherald.sx/islands/ars-confirms-first-case-of-monkeypox-on-french-side . . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
Huaxia 2022 Guatemala confirms first case of monkeypox. https://english.news.cn/20220804/c20fe8d0f1a447a4b88f418f95137d10/c.html . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
UNIINDIA 2022 Honduras logs 4 monkey pox cases- https://www.uniindia.com/~/honduras-logs-4-monkeypox-cases/World/news/2811781.html . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
News desk 2022 Bermuda reports 1st monkeypox case http://outbreaknewstoday.com/bermuda-reports-1st-monkeypox-case-58966/#:~:text=The%20Bermuda%20Ministry%20of%20Health,case%20of%20monkeypox%20on%20Thursday.&text=The%20patient%20is%20in%20isolation,who%20may%20have%20been%20exposed . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
Reuters 2022 Dominican Republic confirms first case of monkeypox https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/dominican-republic-confirms-first-case-monkeypox-2022-07-07/#:~:text=SANTO%20DOMINGO%2C%20July%206%20(Reuters,Daniel%20Rivera%20said%20on%20Wednesday . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
Shong DD 2022 The Bahamas confirms first case of monkeypox. Another suspected case is under investigation. https://caribbean.loopnews.com/content/bahamas-confirms-first-case-monkeypox-613674 . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
The cleaner 2022 Barbados Saturday confirmed its first case of the monkeypox virus with officials indicating that the island is fully prepared to handle the situation. https://jamaica-gleaner.com/article/caribbean/20220716/barbados-records-first-case-monkeypox . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
Press 2022 First case of monkeypox has been identified on French, Saint Martin http://www.sintmaartengov.org/PressReleases/Pages/First-case-of-Monkeypox-has-been-identified-on-French-Saint-Martin.aspx . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
Balevic K 2022 Here's how the US handled its first ever monkeypox outbreak that infected dozens of people across several states https://www.businessinsider.in/international/news/hereaposs-how-the-us-handled-its-first-ever-monkeypox-outbreak-that-infected-dozens-of-people-across-severalstates/slidelist/91728937.cms . Accessed 01 Oct 2022.
Amandala 2022 1st case of monkeypox identified in El Salvador. In: Amandala Newspaper. https://amandala.com.bz/news/1st-case-of-monkeypox-identified-in-el-salvador/ . Accessed 20 Oct 2022.
IANS 2022 Argentina confirms first case of monkeypox in man who came from Spain https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/argentina-confirms-first-case-of-monkeypox-in-man-who-came-from-spain-122052800080_1.html#:~:text=Argentina%20has%20confirmed%20its%20first,Spain%2C%20the%20Health%20Ministry%20said&text=Photo%3A%20Shutterstock-,Argentina%20has%20confirmed%20its%20first%20case%20of%20monkeypox%20in%20a,the%20Health%20Ministry%20has%20said . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
Overheid A 2022 First positive Monkeypox case in Aruba https://www.government.aw/news/news_47033/item/first-positive-monkeypox-case-in-aruba_60314.html#:~:text=ORANJESTAD%20%E2%80%93%20Aruba%20has%20its%20first,a%20suspicious%20case%20under%20investigation . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
Reuters 2022 Chile reports first case of monkeypox- https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/chile-reports-first-case-monkeypox-2022-06-17/ . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
Reuters 2022 Colombia reports first cases of monkeypox- https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/colombia-reports-first-cases-monkeypox-2022-06-24/ . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
Merco Press 2022 Paraguay has first case of monkeypox confirmed https://en.mercopress.com/2022/08/26/paraguay-first-case-of-monkeypox-confirmed Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
Lima 2022 Peru reports first monkeypox case http://www.uniindia.com/peru-reports-first-monkeypox-case/world/news/2766711.html . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
DPI 2022 First case of monkeypox confirmed in Guyana. In: Department of Public Information, Guyana. https://dpi.gov.gy/first-case-of-monkeypox-confirmed-in-guyana/ . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
Huaxia 2022 Bolivia sees 2 new monkeypox cases, steps up control measures. https://english.news.cn/20220805/666837fe5d5548dab24eec15e9682851/c.html#:~:text=The%20country's%20first%20monkeypox%20case,who%20recently%20traveled%20to%20Brazil . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
Huaxia 2022 Ecuador confirms first case of monkeypox. https://english.news.cn/20220707/4c640f39acf4474c8c7fb3bcfd71c392/c.html . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
AFP-TOI 2022 Brazil confirms its first monkeypox https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/rest-of-world/brazil-confirms-its-first-monkeypox-case/articleshow/92119319.cms . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
Curaçao Chronicles 2022 Confirmed: First monkeypox infection registered on Curaçao https://www.curacaochronicle.com/post/local/confirmed-first-monkeypox-infection-registered-on-curacao/ . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
Merco Press 2022 Uruguay has first case of monkeypox confirmed https://en.mercopress.com/2022/07/30/uruguay-has-first-case-of-monkeypox-confirmed . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
Reuters 2022 Venezuela confirms first case of monkeypox https://www.reuters.com/business/healthcare-pharmaceuticals/venezuela-confirms-first-case-monkeypox-2022-06-12/ . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
France 2022 A case of monkey pox detected in New Caledonia https://www.france24.com/fr/info-en-continu/20220712-un-cas-de-variole-du-singe-d%C3%A9tect%C3%A9-en-nouvelle-cal%C3%A9donie . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
IANS 2022 New Zealand Registers First Monkeypox Case In Auckland https://www.india.com/news/world/new-zealand-registers-first-monkeypox-case-in-auckland-5503946/ . Accessed 15 Oct 2022.
Woolley S 2022 Australia’s first confirmed monkeypox case recorded in Victoria https://7news.com.au/news/public-health/warning-in-vic-for-rare-monkeypox-disease-c-6867171 . Accessed on 15 Oct 2022.

Keywords: Diagnosis; Immunomodulation; Monkeypox; Pathology; Treatment; Vaccines

0 (Benzamides)
JIL713Q00N (Cidofovir)
0 (Cytokines)
0 (Smallpox Vaccine)

Date Created: 20230110 Date Completed: 20230721 Latest Revision: 20231213

20231215

PMC9838351

10.1007/s11010-022-04657-0

36626099