Determination of hair cortisol in horses: comparison of immunoassay vs LC-HRMS/MS.

Publisher: Springer-Verlag Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 101134327 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1618-2650 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 16182642 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Anal Bioanal Chem Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: Heidelberg : Springer-Verlag, 2002-

Hydrocortisone*/analysis ; Hair*/chemistry; Horses ; Animals ; Chromatography, Liquid/methods ; Mass Spectrometry ; Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay ; Immunoassay

The measure of hair cortisol concentration (HCC) is becoming an emerging approach to monitor mid-/long-term stress in animals, so it is more and more important to develop accurate and reliable methods. In the light of this, the aim of the present study was to compare mane HCCs of 47 horses with different managements, by means of an immunoassay (ELISA) and liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid high-resolution mass spectrometry (LC-HRMS/MS). After the washing step, the ground hair was extracted with methanol. The extract was evaporated and redissolved in two different aqueous solutions, depending on the detection technique. The methods were validated according to EMA guideline for bioanalytical method validation, in the range 2-50 pg mg ^-1 (ELISA) and 1-100 pg mg ^-1 (LC-HRMS/MS). Satisfactory quantitative performances were obtained for both of the approaches, but this latter demonstrated better precision. The detected concentrations in real samples were encompassing the range 1.3-8.8 pg mg ^-1 and 2.0-17.9 pg mg ^-1 by means of LC-HRMS/MS and ELISA, respectively. Overall, HCCs measured with ELISA technique were 1.6 times higher. The overestimation of immunoassay results might be caused by cross-reactivity phenomena of laboratory reagents and other structurally similar hormones present in the mane.
(© 2022. The Author(s).)

Olvera-maneu S, Carbajal A, Gardela J. Hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal and hypothalamic–pituitary–gonadal axes activity: exploring the influence of seasonality. 2021; 1–10.
Sauer FJ, Gerber V, Frei S, Bruckmaier RM, Groessl M. Salivary cortisol measurement in horses: immunoassay or LC-MS/MS? Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2020;72:106445. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106445 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.10644532247992)
Russell E, Kirschbaum C, Laudenslager ML, Stalder T, De Rijke Y, Van Rossum EFC, Van Uum S, Koren G. Toward standardization of hair cortisol measurement: results of the first international interlaboratory round robin. Ther Drug Monit. 2015;37:71–5. https://doi.org/10.1097/FTD.0000000000000148 . (PMID: 10.1097/FTD.000000000000014825387254)
Cerasoli F, Vulpiani MP, Saluti G, Conte A, Ricci M, Savini G, Alterio ND. Assessment of welfare in groups of horses with different management, environments and activities by measuring cortisol in horsehair, using liquid chromatography coupled to hybrid orbitrap high-resolution mass spectrometry. Animals. 2022;12:1–11. (PMID: 10.3390/ani12141739)
Duran MC, Janz DM, Waldner CL, Campbell JR, Marques FJ. Hair cortisol concentration as a stress biomarker in horses: associations with body location and surgical castration. J Equine Vet Sci. 2017;55:27–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2017.03.220 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.jevs.2017.03.220)
EMA (1922) Guideline on bioanalytical method validation. 44:1–23.
Yamanashi Y, Teramoto M, Morimura N, Hirata S, Suzuki J, Hayashi M, Kinoshita K, Murayama M, Idani G. Analysis of hair cortisol levels in captive chimpanzees: effect of various methods on cortisol stability and variability. MethodsX. 2016;3:110–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2016.01.004 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.mex.2016.01.004268706684739149)
Päpke O, Fürst P, Herrmann T. Determination of polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs) in biological tissues with special emphasis on QC/QA measures. Talanta. 2004;63:1203–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.talanta.2004.05.033 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.talanta.2004.05.03318969549)
Comin A, Veronesi MC, Montillo M, Faustini M, Valentini S, Cairoli F, Prandi A. Hair cortisol level as a retrospective marker of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in horse foals. Vet J. 2012;194:131–2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.04.006 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.04.00622633175)
Montillo M, Comin A, Corazzin M, Peric T, Faustini M, Veronesi MC, Valentini S, Bustaffa M, Prandi A. The effect of temperature, rainfall, and light conditions on hair cortisol concentrations in newborn foals. J Equine Vet Sci. 2014;34:774–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2014.01.011 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.jevs.2014.01.011)
Placci M, Marliani G, Sabioni S, Gabai G, Mondo E, Borghetti P, De Angelis E, Accorsi PA. Natural horse boarding vs traditional stable: a comparison of hormonal, hematological and immunological parameters. J Appl Anim Welf Sci. 2020;23:366–77. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2019.1663737 . (PMID: 10.1080/10888705.2019.166373732441218)
Prinsloo M, Hynd P, Franklin S, Weaver S, van den Boom R. Hair cortisol concentration is inversely related to the severity of equine squamous gastric disease. Vet J. 2019;249:58–9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.05.009 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2019.05.00931239166)
Banse HE, Getachew F, Levy M, Smits J. Influence of season and pituitary pars intermedia dysfunction on hair cortisol concentration in horses. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2020;72:106375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.07.003 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.07.00331431311)
Gardela J, Carbajal A, Tallo-Parra O, Olvera-Maneu S, Álvarez-Rodríguez M, Jose-Cunilleras E, López-Béjar M (2020) Temporary relocation during rest periods: relocation stress and other factors influence hair cortisol concentrations in horses. Animals 10: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10040642.
Sauveroche M, Henriksson J, Theodorsson E, Svensson Holm AC, Roth LSV. Hair cortisol in horses (Equus caballus) in relation to management regimes, personality, and breed. J Vet Behav. 2020;37:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2019.12.002 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.jveb.2019.12.002)
Arena I, Marliani G, Sabioni S, Gabai G, Bucci D, Accorsi PA. Assessment of horses’ welfare: behavioral, hormonal, and husbandry aspects. J Vet Behav. 2021;41:82–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2021.01.006 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.jveb.2021.01.006)
Mazzola SM, Colombani C, Pizzamiglio G, Cannas S, Palestrini C, Costa ED, Gazzonis AL, Bionda A, Crepaldi P. Do you think I am living well? A four-season hair cortisol analysis on leisure horses in different housing and management conditions. Animals. 2021;11: https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11072141.
Lelláková M, Lešková L, Florián M, Mesarčová L, Skurková L, Peťková B, Takáčová D, Kottferová J (2022) Cortisol concentration in horsehair and its relationship to body location, coat colour, and gender. J Equine Vet Sci 115: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jevs.2022.104010.
Comin A, Prandi A, Peric T, Corazzin M, Dovier S, Bovolenta S. Hair cortisol levels in dairy cows from winter housing to summer highland grazing. Livest Sci. 2011;138:69–73. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2010.12.009 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.livsci.2010.12.009)
Davenport MD, Tiefenbacher S, Lutz CK, Novak MA, Meyer JS. Analysis of endogenous cortisol concentrations in the hair of rhesus macaques. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2006;147:255–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.01.005 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2006.01.00516483573)
Peric T, Comin A, Corazzin M, Montillo M, Cappa A, Campanile G, Prandi A. Short communication: hair cortisol concentrations in Holstein-Friesian and crossbreed F1 heifers. J Dairy Sci. 2013;96:3023–7. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2012-6151 . (PMID: 10.3168/jds.2012-615123522680)
Terwissen CV, Mastromonaco GF, Murray DL. Influence of adrenocorticotrophin hormone challenge and external factors (age, sex, and body region) on hair cortisol concentration in Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis). Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2013;194:162–7. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.09.010 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.09.01024080086)
Yamanashi Y, Morimura N, Mori Y, Hayashi M, Suzuki J. Cortisol analysis of hair of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2013;194:55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.08.013 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.08.01324013009)
Bacci ML, Nannoni E, Govoni N, Scorrano F, Zannoni A, Forni M, Martelli G, Sardi L. Hair cortisol determination in sows in two consecutive reproductive cycles. Reprod Biol. 2014;14:218–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.repbio.2014.06.001 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.repbio.2014.06.00125152520)
Burnett TA, Madureira AML, Silper BF, Nadalin A, Tahmasbi A, Veira DM, Cerri RLA. Short communication: factors affecting hair cortisol concentrations in lactating dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2014;97:7685–90. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2014-8444 . (PMID: 10.3168/jds.2014-844425282411)
Cattet M, Macbeth BJ, Janz DM, Zedrosser A, Swenson JE, Dumond M, Stenhouse GB. Quantifying long-term stress in brown bears with the hair cortisol concentration: a biomarker that may be confounded by rapid changes in response to capture and handling. Conserv Physiol. 2014;2:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cou026 . (PMID: 10.1093/conphys/cou026)
Dettmer AM, Novak MA, Meyer JS, Suomi SJ. Population density-dependent hair cortisol concentrations in rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2014;42:59–67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.01.002 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.01.002246365023959662)
Ghassemi Nejad J, Lohakare JD, Son JK, Kwon EG, West JW, Sung KI. Wool cortisol is a better indicator of stress than blood cortisol in ewes exposed to heat stress and water restriction. Animal. 2014;8:128–32. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731113001870 . (PMID: 10.1017/S175173111300187024182313)
Martelli G, Sardi L, Stancampiano L, Govoni N, Zannoni A, Nannoni E, Forni M, Bacci ML. A study on some welfare-related parameters of hDAF transgenic pigs when compared with their conventional close relatives. Animal. 2014;8:810–6. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731114000433 . (PMID: 10.1017/S175173111400043324739353)
Mastromonaco GF, Gunn K, McCurdy-Adams H, Edwards DB, Schulte-Hostedde AI. Validation and use of hair cortisol as a measure of chronic stress in eastern chipmunks (Tamias striatus). Conserv Physiol. 2014;2:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/cou055 . (PMID: 10.1093/conphys/cou055)
Macbeth BJ, Cattet MRL, Stenhouse GB, Gibeau ML, Janz DM. Hair cortisol concentration as a noninvasive measure of long-term stress in free-ranging grizzly bears (Ursus arctos): considerations with implications for other wildlife. Can J Zool. 2010;88:935–49. https://doi.org/10.1139/Z10-057 . (PMID: 10.1139/Z10-057)
Carlitz EHD, Kirschbaum C, Miller R, Rukundo J, van Schaik CP. Effects of body region and time on hair cortisol concentrations in chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2015;223:9–15. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.09.022 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2015.09.02226409891)
Stubsjøen SM, Bohlin J, Dahl E, Knappe-Poindecker M, Fjeldaas T, Lepschy M, Palme R, Langbein J, Ropstad E. Assessment of chronic stress in sheep (part I): the use of cortisol and cortisone in hair as non-invasive biological markers. Small Rumin Res. 2015;132:25–31. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.09.015 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2015.09.015)
Tallo-Parra O, Manteca X, Sabes-Alsina M, Carbajal A, Lopez-Bejar M. Hair cortisol detection in dairy cattle by using EIA: protocol validation and correlation with faecal cortisol metabolites. Animal. 2014;9:1059–64. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1751731115000294 . (PMID: 10.1017/S1751731115000294)
Binz TM, Braun U, Baumgartner MR, Kraemer T. Development of an LC–MS/MS method for the determination of endogenous cortisol in hair using 13C3-labeled cortisol as surrogate analyte. J Chromatogr B Anal Technol Biomed Life Sci. 2016;1033–1034:65–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.07.041 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2016.07.041)
Fourie NH, Brown JL, Jolly CJ, Phillips-Conroy JE, Rogers J, Bernstein RM. Sources of variation in hair cortisol in wild and captive non-human primates. Zoology. 2016;119:119–25. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.zool.2016.01.001 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.zool.2016.01.00126884274)
Peric T, Comin A, Corazzin M, Montillo M, Canavese F, Stebel M, Prandi A. Relocation and hair cortisol concentrations in New Zealand white rabbits. J Appl Anim Welf Sci. 2017;20:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2016.1183489 . (PMID: 10.1080/10888705.2016.118348927191037)
Salaberger T, Millard M, El MS, Möstl E, Grünberger V, Krametter-Frötscher R, Wittek T, Palme R. Influence of external factors on hair cortisol concentrations. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2016;233:73–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.05.005 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2016.05.00527167500)
Braun U, Michel N, Baumgartner MR, Hässig M, Binz TM. Cortisol concentration of regrown hair and hair from a previously unshorn area in dairy cows. Res Vet Sci. 2017;114:412–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.07.005 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2017.07.00528750212)
Casal N, Manteca X, Peña LR, Bassols A, Fàbrega E. Analysis of cortisol in hair samples as an indicator of stress in pigs. J Vet Behav Clin Appl Res. 2017;19:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2017.01.002 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.jveb.2017.01.002)
Peric T, Corazzin M, Romanzin A, Bovolenta S, Prandi A, Montillo M, Comin A. Cortisol and DHEA concentrations in the hair of dairy cows managed indoor or on pasture. Livest Sci. 2017;202:39–43. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2017.05.020 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.05.020)
Ashley NT, Barboza PS, Macbeth BJ, Janz DM, Cattet MRL, Booth RK, Wasser SK. Glucocorticosteroid concentrations in feces and hair of captive caribou and reindeer following adrenocorticotropic hormone challenge. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2011;172:382–91. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.03.029 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2011.03.02921501613)
Esposito L, Auletta L, Ciani F, Pelagalli A, Pasolini MP, Lamagna B, Piscopo N, Amici A. Hair cortisol levels in captive brown hare (Lepus europaeus): potential effect of sex, age, and breeding technology. Eur J Wildl Res. 2017; 63: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10344-017-1121-6.
Ghassemi Nejad J, Kim BW, Lee BH, Il SK. Coat and hair color: hair cortisol and serotonin levels in lactating Holstein cows under heat stress conditions. Anim Sci J. 2017;88:190–4. https://doi.org/10.1111/asj.12662 . (PMID: 10.1111/asj.1266227417887)
Kroshko T, Kapronczai L, Cattet MRL, Macbeth BJ, Stenhouse GB, Obbard ME, Janz DM. Comparison of methanol and isopropanol as wash solvents for determination of hair cortisol concentration in grizzly bears and polar bears. MethodsX. 2017;4:68–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2017.01.004 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.mex.2017.01.004282035345295503)
Acker M, Mastromonaco G, Schulte-Hostedde AI. The effects of body region, season and external arsenic application on hair cortisol concentration. Conserv Physiol. 2018;6:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/coy037 . (PMID: 10.1093/conphys/coy037)
Carroll GA, Boyle LA, Hanlon A, Palmer MA, Collins L, Griffin K, Armstrong D, O’Connell NE. Identifying physiological measures of lifetime welfare status in pigs: exploring the usefulness of haptoglobin, C-reactive protein and hair cortisol sampled at the time of slaughter. Ir Vet J. 2018;71:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13620-018-0118-0 . (PMID: 10.1186/s13620-018-0118-0)
Bergamin C, Comin A, Corazzin M, Faustini M, Peric T, Scollo A, Gottardo F, Montillo M, Prandi A. Cortisol, DHEA, and sexual steroid concentrations in fattening pigs’ hair. Animals. 2019;9:1–10. (PMID: 10.3390/ani9060345)
Braun U, Wiest A, Lutz T, Riond B, Stirn M, Hilbe M, Baumgartner MR, Binz TM. Hair cortisol concentration in veal calves reared under two different welfare production labels. Res Vet Sci. 2019;123:286–92. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.01.027 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2019.01.02730711850)
Dulude-de Broin F, Côté SD, Whiteside DP, Mastromonaco GF. Faecal metabolites and hair cortisol as biological markers of HPA-axis activity in the Rocky mountain goat. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2019;280:147–57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.04.022 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.04.02231009603)
Fürtbauer I, Solman C, Fry A. Sheep wool cortisol as a retrospective measure of long-term HPA axis activity and its links to body mass. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2019;68:39–46. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2018.12.009 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2018.12.00930797176)
Ghassemi Nejad J, Lee BH, Kim JY, Kim BW, Chemere B, Park KH, Il SK. Comparing hair cortisol concentrations from various body sites and serum cortisol in Holstein lactating cows and heifers during thermal comfort zone. J Vet Behav. 2019;30:92–5. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jveb.2018.12.007 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.jveb.2018.12.007)
Bechshøft T, Sonne C, Dietz R, Born EW, Novak MA, Henchey E, Meyer JS. Cortisol levels in hair of East Greenland polar bears. Sci Total Environ. 2011;409:831–4. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.10.047 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.10.04721144554)
Ghassemi Nejad J, Park KH, Forghani F, Lee HG, Lee JS, Il SK. Measuring hair and blood cortisol in sheep and dairy cattle using RIA and ELISA assay: a comparison. Biol Rhythm Res. 2020;51:887–97. https://doi.org/10.1080/09291016.2019.1611335 . (PMID: 10.1080/09291016.2019.1611335)
Sawyer G, Webster D, Narayan E. Measuring wool cortisol and progesterone levels in breeding maiden Australian merino sheep (Ovis aries). PLoS ONE. 2019;14:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0214734 . (PMID: 10.1371/journal.pone.0214734)
Sharma A, Umapathy G, Kumar V, Phillips CJC. Hair cortisol in sheltered cows and its association. Animals. 2019;9:1–27.
Heimbürge S, Kanitz E, Tuchscherer A, Otten W. Within a hair’s breadth – factors influencing hair cortisol levels in pigs and cattle. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2020;288:113359. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.113359 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2019.11335931830475)
López-Arjona M, Tecles F, Mateo S V., Contreras-Aguilar MD, Martínez-Miró S, Cerón JJ, Martínez-Subiela S. Measurement of cortisol, cortisone and 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 activity in hair of sows during different phases of the reproductive cycle. Vet J. 2020; 259–260: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2020.105458.
Nejad JG, Lee BH, Kim JY, Chemere B, Sung KI, Lee HG. Effect of alpine grazing on plasma and hair cortisol, serotonin, and DHEA in dairy cows and its welfare impact. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2021;75:106581. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106581 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106581)
Hein A, Baumgartner K, von Fersen L, Bechshoft T, Woelfing B, Kirschbaum C, Mastromonaco G, Greenwood AD, Siebert U. Analysis of hair steroid hormones in polar bears (Ursus maritimus) via liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry: comparison with two immunoassays and application for longitudinal monitoring in zoos. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2021;310:113837. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.113837 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2021.11383734181933)
Lagoda ME, O’Driscoll K, Marchewka J, Foister S, Turner SP, Boyle LA. Associations between skin lesion counts, hair cortisol concentrations and reproductive performance in group housed sows. Livest Sci. 2021;246:104463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104463 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104463)
Morgan L, Meyer J, Novak S, Younis A, Ahmad WA, Raz T. Shortening sow restraint period during lactation improves production and decreases hair cortisol concentrations in sows and their piglets. Animal. 2021;15:100082. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2020.100082 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.animal.2020.10008233509702)
Otten W, Bartels T, Heimbürge S, Tuchscherer A, Kanitz E. The dark side of white hair? Artificial light irradiation reduces cortisol concentrations in white but not black hairs of cattle and pigs. Animal. 2021;15: 100230. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.animal.2021.100230 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.animal.2021.10023034049109)
González-de-la-Vara M del R, Valdez RA, Lemus-Ramirez V, Vázquez-Chagoyán JC, Villa-Godoy A, Romano MC. Effects of adrenocorticotropic hormone challenge and age on hair cortisol concentrations in dairy cattle. Can J Vet Res. 2011; 75:216-221.
Probo M, Peric T, Fusi J, Prandi A, Faustini M, Veronesi MC. Hair cortisol and dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate concentrations in healthy beef calves from birth to 6 months of age. Theriogenology. 2021;175:89–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.08.037 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2021.08.03734517287)
Shi R, Dou J, Liu J, Sammad A, Luo H, Wang Y, Guo G, Wang Y. Genetic parameters of hair cortisol as an indicator of chronic stress under different environments in Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci. 2021;104:6985–99. https://doi.org/10.3168/jds.2019-17856 . (PMID: 10.3168/jds.2019-1785633773780)
Weaver SJ, Hynd PI, Ralph CR, Hocking Edwards JE, Burnard CL, Narayan E, Tilbrook AJ. Chronic elevation of plasma cortisol causes differential expression of predominating glucocorticoid in plasma, saliva, fecal, and wool matrices in sheep. Domest Anim Endocrinol. 2021;74:106503. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106503 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.10650332846373)
Wiechers DH, Brunner S, Herbrandt S, Kemper N, Fels M. Analysis of hair cortisol as an indicator of chronic stress in pigs in two different farrowing systems. Front Vet Sci. 2021;8:1–12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2021.605078 . (PMID: 10.3389/fvets.2021.605078)
Macbeth BJ, Cattet MRL, Obbard ME, Middel K, Janz DM. Evaluation of hair cortisol concentration as a biomarker of long-term stress in free-ranging polar bears. Wildl Soc Bull. 2012;36:747–58. https://doi.org/10.1002/wsb.219 . (PMID: 10.1002/wsb.219)
Comin A, Peric T, Corazzin M, Veronesi MC, Meloni T, Zufferli V, Cornacchia G, Prandi A. Hair cortisol as a marker of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activation in Friesian dairy cows clinically or physiologically compromised. Livest Sci. 2013;152:36–41. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2012.11.021 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.livsci.2012.11.021)
Malcolm KD, McShea WJ, Van Deelen TR, Bacon HJ, Liu F, Putman S, Zhu X, Brown JL. Analyses of fecal and hair glucocorticoids to evaluate short- and long-term stress and recovery of Asiatic black bears (Ursus thibetanus) removed from bile farms in China. Gen Comp Endocrinol. 2013;185:97–106. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.01.014 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2013.01.01423416358)
Moya D, Schwartzkopf-Genswein KS, Veira DM. Standardization of a non-invasive methodology to measure cortisol in hair of beef cattle. Livest Sci. 2013;158:138–44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.livsci.2013.10.007 . (PMID: 10.1016/j.livsci.2013.10.007)

IZS AM PS/19 RC Ministero della Salute

Keywords: Cortisol; ELISA; Hair; Horse; LC-HRMS/MS

WI4X0X7BPJ (Hydrocortisone)

Date Created: 20220922 Date Completed: 20221031 Latest Revision: 20221124

20221213

PMC9613578

10.1007/s00216-022-04343-6

36136115