How the Chemical Properties of GBCAs Influence Their Safety Profiles In Vivo.

Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 100964009 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1420-3049 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14203049 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Molecules Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: Basel, Switzerland : MDPI, c1995-

Chemical Phenomena*; Contrast Media/*adverse effects ; Contrast Media/*chemistry ; Gadolinium/*chemistry; Animals ; Gadolinium DTPA/chemistry ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Molecular Structure ; Thermodynamics

The extracellular class of gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) is an essential tool for clinical diagnosis and disease management. In order to better understand the issues associated with GBCA administration and gadolinium retention and deposition in the human brain, the chemical properties of GBCAs such as relative thermodynamic and kinetic stabilities and their likelihood of forming gadolinium deposits in vivo will be reviewed. The chemical form of gadolinium causing the hyperintensity is an open question. On the basis of estimates of total gadolinium concentration present, it is highly unlikely that the intact chelate is causing the T 1 hyperintensities observed in the human brain. Although it is possible that there is a water-soluble form of gadolinium that has high relaxitvity present, our experience indicates that the insoluble gadolinium-based agents/salts could have high relaxivities on the surface of the solid due to higher water access. This review assesses the safety of GBCAs from a chemical point of view based on their thermodynamic and kinetic properties, discusses how these properties influence in vivo behavior, and highlights some clinical implications regarding the development of future imaging agents.

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R21 EB030765 United States EB NIBIB NIH HHS; R21 EB031367 United States EB NIBIB NIH HHS; K25 HD104004 United States HD NICHD NIH HHS; R21EB031367 United States EB NIBIB NIH HHS; P41EB015908 United States EB NIBIB NIH HHS; K25HD104004 Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development; R21EB030765 United States EB NIBIB NIH HHS

Keywords: T1 hyperintensity; gadolinium deposition; gadolinium-based contrast agents; kinetic inertness; thermodynamic stability

0 (Contrast Media)
AU0V1LM3JT (Gadolinium)
K2I13DR72L (Gadolinium DTPA)

Date Created: 20220111 Date Completed: 20220211 Latest Revision: 20240828

20240828

PMC8746842

10.3390/molecules27010058

35011290