Timing of Meals and Exercise Affects Hormonal Control of Glucoregulation, Insulin Resistance, Substrate Metabolism, and Gastrointestinal Hormones, but Has Little Effect on Appetite in Postmenopausal Women.

Publisher: MDPI Publishing Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 101521595 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 2072-6643 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 20726643 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Nutrients Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: Basel, Switzerland : MDPI Publishing

Insulin Resistance*; Appetite/*physiology ; Eating/*physiology ; Exercise/*physiology ; Feeding Behavior/*physiology ; Gastrointestinal Hormones/*metabolism ; Glucagon/*metabolism ; Intestines/*metabolism ; Postmenopause/*metabolism ; Postmenopause/*physiology; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Cholecystokinin/metabolism ; Female ; Ghrelin/metabolism ; Humans ; Hunger/physiology ; Middle Aged ; Satiation/physiology

The current prevalence of obesity in the US is strongly associated with excessive food intake and insufficient physical activity. This study examined whether changing the timing of exercise before or after two daily meals could alter human appetite for food. Fifty-four healthy postmenopausal women were matched by body weight and assigned to two groups: (1) two bouts of 2-h moderate-intensity exercise ending one hour before each weight-maintenance meal (XM, n = 23), (2) two-hour moderate-intensity exercise starting 1 h after each weight-maintenance meal (MX, n = 23), and one sedentary control (SED) arm ( n = 8). Measurements included appetite ratings, circulating glucose, free fatty acids (FFAs), a ketone body D-ß-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), glucoregulatory hormones insulin and glucagon, and gastrointestinal hormones associated with food digestion and absorption and implicated in appetite sensations. XM group increased concentrations of FFAs and BHB during exercise and increased insulin and homeostatic assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) during postprandial periods. MX group reduced postprandial insulin and HOMA-IR by about 50% without a major change in plasma glucose. There was brief suppression of hunger and an increase in satiation in both exercise groups near the end of the first postprandial period. The time course of hunger was unrelated to the perturbations in fuel metabolism, depletion of liver glycogen, and not correlated with concentration changes in hunger-stimulating hormone ghrelin during XM exercise before meals. Similarly, there was no correlation between the time course of fullness during exercise after meals with the postprandial secretion of gastrointestinal hormones including cholecystokinin (CCK) that has been linked to satiation. Hunger and satiation appear to depend on oral intake and gastrointestinal processing of nutrients and are not affected by metabolic and hormonal consequences of the timing of exercise with respect to meals. Moderate-intensity exercise performed shortly after meals induces a rapid and highly effective lowering of insulin resistance.

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Keywords: CCK; GIP; GLP-1; HOMA-IR; PYY; ghrelin; glucagon; glucose; insulin; timing of meals and exercise appetite assessment

0 (Gastrointestinal Hormones)
0 (Ghrelin)
9007-92-5 (Glucagon)
9011-97-6 (Cholecystokinin)

Date Created: 20211228 Date Completed: 20220117 Latest Revision: 20220117

20221213

PMC8707655

10.3390/nu13124342

34959894