Enhancement of biotransformation of ginsenosides in white ginseng roots by aerobic co-cultivation of Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma reesei.

Publisher: Springer International Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 8406612 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1432-0614 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 01757598 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Appl Microbiol Biotechnol Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: Berlin ; New York : Springer International, c1984-

Ginsenosides* ; Panax* ; Trichoderma*; Bacillus subtilis ; Biotransformation ; Hypocreales

In the present work, the biotransformation of ginsenosides in white ginseng roots was innovatively investigated using the aerobic fermentation by the co-cultivation of Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma reesei. It is found that in the co-cultivation mode, the optimal nitrogen source was corn steep liquor, and the loading of ginseng powder and inoculation proportion of B. subtilis and T. reesei were 15 g/L and 1:4, respectively. The total ginsenoside yield and production of minor ginsenosides in the co-cultivation mode obviously enhanced in comparison to the monoculture mode. Meanwhile, the maximal total ginsenoside yield of 21.79% and high hydrolase activities were achieved using the staged inoculation at the inoculation proportion of 1:4 in the co-cultivation mode, the production of minor ginsenosides such as Rg3 and Rh1, Rh2 was significantly strengthened, and the pharmacological activities of the fermented solution obviously improved. The enhancement of ginsenoside transformation can be mainly attributed to hydrolysis of the produced hydrolases and metabolism of two probiotics. This result clearly reveals that using the staged inoculation in co-cultivation fermentation mode was favor of the ginsenoside biotransformation in ginseng due to non-synchronous cell growth and different metabolic pathways of both probiotics. This work can provide a novel method for enhancing ginsenoside transformation of ginseng.Key points• Co-cultivation fermentation significantly promoted ginsenoside biotransformation.• The staged inoculation in co-culture mode was an optimal operation method.• The pharmacological activity of the co-cultured solution was significantly enhanced.
(© 2021. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Ai M, Zhu Y, Jia X (2021) Recent advances in constructing artificial microbial consortia for the production of medium-chain-length polyhydroxyalkanoates. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 37:e2. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-020-02986-0. (PMID: 10.1007/s11274-020-02986-0)
Bae SH, Lee HS, Kim MR, Kim SY, Kim JM, Suh HJ (2011) Changes of ginsenoside content by mushroom mycelial fermentation in red ginseng extract. J Ginseng Res 35(2):235–242. https://doi.org/10.5142/jgr.2011.35.2.235. (PMID: 10.5142/jgr.2011.35.2.235237170663659518)
Bai Y, Ganzle MG (2015) Conversion of ginsenoside by Lactobacillus plantarum studied by liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole trap mass spectrometry. Food Res Int 76(Pt 3):709–718. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2015.07.040. (PMID: 10.1016/j.foodres.2015.07.04028455056)
Budihal SR, Agsar D, Patil SR (2016) Enhanced production and application of acidothermophilic Streptomyces cellulase. Bioresour Technol 200:706–712. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.098. (PMID: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.10.09826556405)
Chang KH, Jo MN, Kim KT, Paik HD (2012) Purification and characterization of a ginsenoside Rb(1)-hydrolyzing beta-glucosidase from Aspergillus niger KCCM 11239. Int J Mol Sci 13(9):12140–12152. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms130912140. (PMID: 10.3390/ijms130912140231099063472798)
Chen GT, Yang M, Song Y, Zhang J, Q, Huang H. L, Wu L. J., Guo D. A. (2008) Microbial transformation of ginsenoside Rb(1) by Acremonium strictum. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 77(6):1345–1350. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-007-1258-4. (PMID: 10.1007/s00253-007-1258-418040682)
Feng L, Xu C, Li Z, Li J, Dai Y, Han H, Yu S, Liu S (2016) Microbial conversion of ginsenoside Rd from Rb1 by the fungus mutant Aspergillus niger strain TH-10a. Prep Biochem Biotechnol 46(4):336–341. https://doi.org/10.1080/10826068.2015.1031391. (PMID: 10.1080/10826068.2015.103139125831478)
Feng Y, Yao M, Wang Y, Ding M, Zha J, Xiao W, Yuan Y (2020) Advances in engineering UDP-sugar supply for recombinant biosynthesis of glycosides in microbes. Biotechnol Adv 41:1075382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107538. (PMID: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2020.107538)
Fu Y, Yin ZH, Yin CY (2017) Biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1 to ginsenoside Rg3 by endophytic bacterium Burkholderia sp. GE 17–7 isolated from panax ginseng. J Appl Microbiol 122(6):1579–1585. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.13435. (PMID: 10.1111/jam.1343528256039)
Fu Y, Yin ZH, Wu LP, Yin CR (2016) Biotransformation of ginsenoside Rb1 to ginsenoside C-K by endophytic fungus Arthrinium sp. GE 17–18 isolated from Panax ginseng. Lett Appl Microbiol 63:196–201. https://doi.org/10.1111/lam.12606. (PMID: 10.1111/lam.1260627316666)
Gao Y, Liu J, Ji Q, Zhao Y, Zang P, He Z, Zhu H, Zhang L (2018) Anti-tumor activity and related mechanism study of Bacillus Polymyxa transformed panax ginseng C. A. Mey. Process Biochem 72:198–208. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2018.06.013.
He Y, Hu Z, Li A, Zhu ZZ, Yang N, Ying ZX, He JR, Wang CT, Yin S, Cheng SY (2019) Recent advances in biotransformation of saponins. Molecules 24:2365. https://doi.org/10.3390/molecules24132365. (PMID: 10.3390/molecules241323656650892)
Kim DH (2018) Gut microbiota-mediated pharmacokinetics of ginseng saponins. J Ginseng Res 42:255–263. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2017.04.011. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jgr.2017.04.01129983606)
Ku S, You HJ, Park MS, Ji GE (2016) Whole-cell biocatalysis for producing ginsenoside Rd from Rb1 using Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. J Microbiol Biotechnol 26(7):1206–1215. https://doi.org/10.4014/jmb.1601.01002. (PMID: 10.4014/jmb.1601.0100227012233)
Lee J, An Y, Yi E, Kim J, Kang C (2016) Bioconversion of ginsenoside through microwave radiation and fermentation using Leuconostoc mesteroides. Planta Med 82(S 01): S1-S381. https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1597011.
Lee S, Park YS (2019) Optimization of bioconversion of ginsenosides from red ginseng using Candida allociferrii JNO301. Food Eng Prog 23(4):304–310. (PMID: 10.13050/foodengprog.2019.23.4.304)
Li WN, Fan DD (2020) Biocatalytic strategies for the production of ginsenosides using glycosidase: current state and perspectives. Appl Microbiol Biot 104:3807–3823. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-020-10455-9. (PMID: 10.1007/s00253-020-10455-9)
Liu Z, Li JX, Wang CZ, Zhang DL, Wen X, Ruan CC, Li Y, Yuan CS (2019) Microbial conversion of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides by the edible and medicinal mushroom Schizophyllum commune: a green biotransformation strategy. ACS Omega 4:13114–13123. https://doi.org/10.1021/acsomega.9b01001. (PMID: 10.1021/acsomega.9b01001314604396705088)
Luo R, Liao Q, Xia A, Deng ZC, Huang Y, Zhu XQ, Zhu X (2020) Synergistic treatment of alkali lignin via fungal coculture for biofuel production: comparison of physicochemical properties and adsorption of enzymes used as catalysts. Front Energy Res 8:575371. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2020.575371. (PMID: 10.3389/fenrg.2020.575371)
Ma L, Aizhan R, Wang X, Yi YL, Shan YY, Liu BF, Zhou Y, Lu X (2020) Cloning and characterization of low-temperature adapted GH5-CBM3 endo-cellulase from Bacillus subtilis 1AJ3 and their application in the saccharification of switchgrass and coffee grounds. AMB Expr 10:42. https://doi.org/10.1186/s13568-020-00975-y. (PMID: 10.1186/s13568-020-00975-y)
Palaniyandi SA, Son BM, Damodharan K, Suh JW, Yang SH (2016) Fermentative transformation of ginsenoside Rb1 from Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer to Rg3 and Rh2 by Lactobacillus paracasei subsp tolerans MJM60396. Biotechnol Bioproc E 21(5):587–594. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12257-016-0281-7. (PMID: 10.1007/s12257-016-0281-7)
Park SE, Na CS, Yoo SA, Seo SH, Son HS (2017) Biotransformation of major ginsenoside in ginsenoside model culture by lactic acid bacteria. J Ginseng Res 41(1):36–42. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2015.12.008. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jgr.2015.12.00828123320)
Quan L, Liu Y, Yang Y, Wang YM, Ding K, Wang YZ, Wang D (2021) Characteristics of SSSF of rice straw and mass transfer of ethanol in a granular packed bed with N2 sparging. Biochem Eng J 167:107921. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2020.107921. (PMID: 10.1016/j.bej.2020.107921)
Roell GW, Zha J, Carr RR, Koffas MA, Fong SS, Tang YJJ (2019) Engineering microbial consortia by division of labor. Microbial Cell Factories 18(1):e35. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12934-019-1083-3. (PMID: 10.1186/s12934-019-1083-3)
Rosero-Chasoy G, Rodríguez-Jasso RM, Aguilar CN, Buitron G, Chairez I, Ruiz HA (2021) Microbial co-culturing strategies for the production high value compounds, a reliable framework towards sustainable biorefinery implementation–an overview. Bioresour Technol 321:124458. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2020.124458. (PMID: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.12445833338739)
Singh SK (2021) Biological treatment of plant biomass and factors affecting bioactivity. J Clean Production 279:123546. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123546. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2020.123546)
Tan JSH, Yeo CR, Popovich DG (2017) Fermentation of protopanaxadiol type ginsenosides (PD) with probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 101:5427–5437. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00253-017-8295-4. (PMID: 10.1007/s00253-017-8295-428478490)
Verma N, Kumar V (2020) Impact of process parameters and plant polysaccharide hydrolysates in cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei and Neurospora crassa under wheat bran based solid state fermentation. Biotechnol Rep 25:e00416. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00416. (PMID: 10.1016/j.btre.2019.e00416322113097083761)
Wang DD, Jin Y, Wang C, Kim YJ, Perez ZEJ, Baek NI, Mathiyalagan R, Markus J, Yang DC (2018) Rare ginsenoside Ia synthesized from F1 by cloning and overexpression of the UDP-glycosyltransferase gene from Bacillus subtilis: synthesis, characterization, and in vitro melanogenesis inhibition activity in BL6B16 cells. J Ginseng Res 42:42–49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jgr.2016.12.009. (PMID: 10.1016/j.jgr.2016.12.00929348721)
Wang P, Wei Y, Fan Y, Liu QF, Wei W, Yang CS, Zhang L, Zhao GP, Yue JM, Yan X, Zhou ZH (2015) Production of bioactive ginsenosides Rh2 and Rg3 by metabolically engineered yeasts. Metab Eng 29:97–105. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ymben.2015.03.003. (PMID: 10.1016/j.ymben.2015.03.00325769286)
Yan H, Jin H, Fu Y, Yin ZX, Yin CR (2019) Production of rare ginsenosides Rg3 and Rh2 by endophytic bacteria from Panax ginseng. J Agric Food Chem 67:8493–8499. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.jafc.9b03159. (PMID: 10.1021/acs.jafc.9b0315931310523)
Yoo JM, Lee JY, Lee YG, Baek S, Kim MR (2019) Enhanced production of compound K in fermented ginseng extracts by Lactobacillus brevis. Food Sci Biotechnol 28(3):823–829. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10068-018-0504-0. (PMID: 10.1007/s10068-018-0504-031093440)
Yu HS, Liu QM, Zhang CZ (2009) A new ginsenosidase from Aspergillus strain hydrolyzing 20-O-multi-glycoside of PPD ginsenoside. Process Biochem 44(7):772–775. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procbio.2009.02.005. (PMID: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.02.005)
Zhang S, Luo J, Xie J, Wang Z, Xiao W, Zhao L (2019) Cooperated biotransformation of ginsenoside extracts into ginsenoside 20(S)-Rg3 by three thermostable glycosidases. J Appl Microbiol 128:721–734. https://doi.org/10.1111/jam.14513. (PMID: 10.1111/jam.1451331715079)

Keywords: Aerobic fermentation; Biotransformation; Co-cultivation; Ginseng; Ginsenosides

0 (Ginsenosides)

Trichoderma reesei

Date Created: 20211018 Date Completed: 20211102 Latest Revision: 20211102

20221213

10.1007/s00253-021-11631-1

34661708