Administration of all-trans retinoic acid after experimental traumatic brain injury is brain protective.

Publisher: Wiley Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 7502536 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1476-5381 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00071188 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Br J Pharmacol Subsets: MEDLINE

Publication: London : Wiley
Original Publication: London, Macmillian Journals Ltd.

Brain Injuries, Traumatic*/drug therapy; Animals ; Blood-Brain Barrier ; Brain ; Inflammation ; Male ; Mice ; Tretinoin

Background and Purpose: All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) is a vitamin A metabolite, important in the developing and mature brain. Pre-injury ATRA administration ameliorates ischaemic brain insults in rodents. This study examined the effects of post-traumatic ATRA treatment in experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI).
Experimental Approach: Male adult mice were subjected to the controlled cortical impact model of TBI or sham procedure and killed at 7 or 30 days post-injury (dpi). ATRA (10 mg kg-1, i.p.) was given immediately after the injury and 1, 2 and 3 dpi. Neurological function and sensorimotor coordination were evaluated. Brains were processed for (immuno-) histological, mRNA and protein analyses (qPCR and western blot).
Key Results: ATRA treatment reduced brain lesion size, reactive astrogliosis and axonal injury at 7 dpi, and hippocampal granule cell layer (GCL) integrity was protected at 7 and 30 dpi, independent of cell proliferation in neurogenic niches and blood-brain barrier damage. Neurological and motor deficits over time and the brain tissue loss at 30 dpi were not affected by ATRA treatment. ATRA decreased gene expression of markers for damage-associated molecular pattern (HMGB1), apoptosis (caspase-3 and Bax), activated microglia (TSPO), and reactive astrogliosis (GFAP, SerpinA3N) at 7 dpi and a subset of markers at 30 dpi (TSPO, GFAP).
Conclusion and Implications: In experimental TBI, post-traumatic ATRA administration exerted brain protective effects, including long-term protection of GCL integrity, but did not affect neurological and motor deficits. Further investigations are required to optimize treatment regimens to enhance ATRA's brain protective effects and improve outcomes.
(© 2020. The British Pharmacological Society.)

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SCHA1261/4-3 Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft; China Scholarship Council

Keywords: all-trans retinoic acid; apoptosis; astrogliosis; axonal injury; hippocampus; neuroinflammation; traumatic brain injury

5688UTC01R (Tretinoin)

Date Created: 20200923 Date Completed: 20210621 Latest Revision: 20231112

20231112

PMC7588818

10.1111/bph.15259

32964418