Effect of divalent ions on cariogenic biofilm formation.

Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 100966981 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1471-2180 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14712180 NLM ISO Abbreviation: BMC Microbiol Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: London : BioMed Central, [2001-

Biofilms/*drug effects ; Calcium/*pharmacology ; Magnesium/*pharmacology ; Streptococcus mutans/*drug effects ; Zinc/*pharmacology; Bacterial Adhesion ; Biofilms/growth & development ; Cations, Divalent ; Dental Caries/microbiology ; Dental Caries/pathology ; Durapatite ; Fructose/metabolism ; Fructose/pharmacology ; Glucose/metabolism ; Glucose/pharmacology ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Polysaccharides, Bacterial ; Streptococcal Infections/microbiology ; Streptococcal Infections/pathology ; Streptococcus mutans/genetics ; Streptococcus mutans/growth & development ; Streptococcus mutans/isolation & purification ; Sucrose/metabolism ; Sucrose/pharmacology

Background: Divalent cations are able to interact with exopolysaccharides (EPS) and thus are capable to modify the structure and composition of dental biofilm. At the moment, little is known about the adsorption of metals by cariogenic EPS; thus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the effect of divalent ions (calcium, magnesium, and zinc) on the growth and biofilm formation of mutans streptococci and on the dissolution of hydroxyapatite as well as to investigate their binding to the bacterial EPS.
Results: S. mutans strains used in this study show the highest tolerance towards calcium of the ions tested. Growth parameters showed no differences to control condition for both strains up to 100 mM; revealing natural tolerance to higher concentration of calcium in the surroundings. Although excessive levels of calcium did not impair the growth parameters, it also did not have a positive effect on biofilm formation or its binding affinity to EPS. Magnesium-saturated environment proved to be counterproductive as strains were able to dissolve more Ca ²⁺ from the tooth surface in the presence of magnesium, therefore releasing excessive amounts of Ca ²⁺ in the environment and leading to the progression of the disease. Thus, this supports the idea of self-regulation, when more Ca ²⁺ is released, more calcium is bound to the biofilm strengthening its structure and however, also less is left for remineralization. Zinc inhibited bacterial adhesion already at low concentrations and had a strong antibacterial effect on the strains as well as on calcium dissolution; leading to less biofilm and less EPS. Additionally, Zn ²⁺ had almost always the lowest affinity to all EPS; thus, the unbound zinc could also still remain in the surrounding environment and keep its antimicrobial properties.
Conclusion: It is important to maintain a stable relationship between calcium, magnesium and zinc as excessive concentrations of one can easily destroy the balance between the three in cariogenic environment and lead to progression of the disease.

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Keywords: Biofilm; Caries; Divalent ions; Mutans streptococci

0 (Cations, Divalent)
0 (Polysaccharides, Bacterial)
30237-26-4 (Fructose)
57-50-1 (Sucrose)
91D9GV0Z28 (Durapatite)
I38ZP9992A (Magnesium)
IY9XDZ35W2 (Glucose)
J41CSQ7QDS (Zinc)
SY7Q814VUP (Calcium)

Date Created: 20200917 Date Completed: 20210907 Latest Revision: 20210907

20231215

PMC7493384

10.1186/s12866-020-01973-7

32938382