Toxicity Reduction of Euphorbia kansui Stir-Fried with Vinegar Based on Conversion of 3- O -(2' E ,4' Z -Decadi-enoyl)-20- O -acetylingenol.

Publisher: MDPI Country of Publication: Switzerland NLM ID: 100964009 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1420-3049 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 14203049 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Molecules Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: Basel, Switzerland : MDPI, c1995-

Acetic Acid/*chemistry ; Diterpenes/*metabolism ; Euphorbia/*toxicity; Animals ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; Caspase 3/metabolism ; Caspase 9/metabolism ; China ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Diterpenes/chemistry ; Diterpenes/pharmacology ; Diterpenes/toxicity ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry ; Euphorbia/chemistry ; Glutathione/chemistry ; Glutathione/metabolism ; Interleukin-2/metabolism ; Interleukin-8/metabolism ; Malondialdehyde/chemistry ; Malondialdehyde/metabolism ; Mass Spectrometry ; Plant Roots/chemistry ; Succinate Dehydrogenase/metabolism ; Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism ; Zebrafish/embryology ; Zebrafish/immunology ; Zebrafish/metabolism

The dried roots of Euphorbia kansui S.L.Liou ex S.B.Ho have long been used to treat edema in China. However, the severe toxicity caused by Euphorbia kansui (EK) has seriously restricted its clinical application. Although EK was processed with vinegar to reduce its toxicity, the detailed mechanisms of attenuation in toxicity of EK stir-fried with vinegar (VEK) have not been well delineated. Diterpenoids are the main toxic ingredients of EK, and changes in these after processing may be the underlying mechanism of toxicity attenuation of VEK. 3- O -(2' E ,4' Z -decadienoyl)-20- O -acetylingenol (3-O-EZ) is one of the diterpenoids derived from EK, and the content of 3-O-EZ was significantly reduced after processing. This study aims to explore the underlying mechanisms of toxicity reduction of VEK based on the change of 3-O-EZ after processing with vinegar. Based on the chemical structure of 3-O-EZ and the method of processing with vinegar, simulation experiments were carried out to confirm the presence of the product both in EK and VEK and to enrich the product. Then, the difference of peak area of 3-O-EZ and its hydrolysate in EK and VEK were detected by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UPLC). Furthermore, the toxicity effect of 3-O-EZ and its hydrolysate, as well as the underlying mechanism, on zebrafish embryos were investigated. The findings showed that the diterpenoids (3-O-EZ) in EK can convert into less toxic ingenol in VEK after processing with vinegar; meanwhile, the content of ingenol in VEK was higher than that of EK. More interestingly, the ingenol exhibited less toxicity (acute toxicity, developmental toxicity and organic toxicity) than that of 3-O-EZ, and 3-O-EZ could increase malondialdehyde (MDA) content and reduce glutathione (GSH) content; cause embryo oxidative damage by inhibition of the succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity; and induce inflammation and apoptosis by elevation of IL-2 and IL-8 contents and activation of the caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity. Thus, this study contributes to our understanding of the mechanism of attenuation in toxicity of VEK, and provides the possibility of safe and rational use of EK in clinics.

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81673599, 81373972 and 30973940 National Natural Science Foundation of China; PAPD-2014 Priority Academic Program Development of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions; 2010-YY-026 and 2016-YY-009 Six Talent Peaks Project in Jiangsu Province; KYCX19-1300 Postgraduate Research & Practice Innovation Program of Jiangsu Province

Keywords: Euphorbia kansui; diterpenoids; vinegar processing; zebrafish toxicity

0 (3EZ, 20Ac-ingenol)
0 (Diterpenes)
0 (Drugs, Chinese Herbal)
0 (Interleukin-2)
0 (Interleukin-8)
4Y8F71G49Q (Malondialdehyde)
EC 1.15.1.1 (Superoxide Dismutase)
EC 1.3.99.1 (Succinate Dehydrogenase)
EC 3.4.22.- (Caspase 3)
EC 3.4.22.- (Caspase 9)
GAN16C9B8O (Glutathione)
IC77UZI9G8 (ingenol)
Q40Q9N063P (Acetic Acid)

Date Created: 20191027 Date Completed: 20200406 Latest Revision: 20200528

20221213

PMC6832248

10.3390/molecules24203806

31652602