Ginkgo biloba attenuates aluminum lactate-induced neurotoxicity in reproductive senescent female rats: behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological study.

Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: Germany NLM ID: 9441769 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1614-7499 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09441344 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Environ Sci Pollut Res Int Subsets: MEDLINE

Publication: <2013->: Berlin : Springer
Original Publication: Landsberg, Germany : Ecomed

Aluminum Compounds/*toxicity ; Behavior, Animal/*drug effects ; Brain/*drug effects ; Lactates/*toxicity ; Neurotoxicity Syndromes/*drug therapy ; Plant Extracts/*pharmacology; Age Factors ; Aluminum/toxicity ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/metabolism ; Animals ; Antioxidants/metabolism ; Brain/metabolism ; Brain/pathology ; Enzymes/metabolism ; Female ; Ginkgo biloba ; Learning/drug effects ; Lipid Peroxidation/drug effects ; Memory/drug effects ; Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology ; Neurotoxicity Syndromes/etiology ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Reactive Oxygen Species/metabolism ; Serotonin/metabolism

Extensive use of aluminum (Al) in industry, cooking utensils, and wrapping or freezing the food items, due to its cheapness and abundance in the environment, has become a major concern. Growing evidence supports that environmental pollutant Al promotes the aggregation of amyloid beta (Aβ) in the brain, which is the main pathological marker of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Further, AD- and Al-induced neurotoxic effects are more common among women following reproductive senescence due to decline in estrogen. Though clinically Ginkgo biloba extract (GBE) has been exploited as a memory enhancer, its role in Al-induced neurotoxicity in reproductive senescent female rats needs to be evaluated. Animals were exposed to intraperitoneal dose (10 mg/kg b.wt) of Al and oral dose (100 mg/kg b.wt.) of GBE daily for 6 weeks. A significant decline in the Al-induced Aβ aggregates was observed in hippocampal and cortical regions of the brain with GBE supplementation, as confirmed by thioflavin (ThT) and Congo red staining. GBE administration significantly decreased the reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, nitric oxide, and citrulline levels in comparison to Al-treated rats. On the contrary, a significant increase in the reduced glutathione, GSH/GSSG ratio as well as in the activities of antioxidant enzymes was observed with GBE administration. Based on the above results, GBE prevented the neuronal loss in the hippocampus and cortex, hence caused significant improvement in the learning and memory of the animals in terms of AChE activity, serotonin levels, Morris water maze, and active and passive avoidance tests. In conclusion, GBE has alleviated the behavioral, biochemical, and histopathological alterations due to Al toxicity in rats. However, molecular studies are going on to better understand the mechanism of GBE protection against the environmental toxicant Al exposure. Graphical abstract .

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Keywords: Aluminum; Aβ aggregation; Ginkgo biloba extract; Memory loss; Oxidative stress; Reproductive senescence

0 (Aluminum Compounds)
0 (Amyloid beta-Peptides)
0 (Antioxidants)
0 (Enzymes)
0 (Lactates)
0 (Neuroprotective Agents)
0 (Plant Extracts)
0 (Reactive Oxygen Species)
19FUJ2C58T (Ginkgo biloba extract)
333DO1RDJY (Serotonin)
CPD4NFA903 (Aluminum)
V797H4GG0Z (aluminum lactate)

Date Created: 20190720 Date Completed: 20191119 Latest Revision: 20220129

20221213

10.1007/s11356-019-05743-5

31321719