Development of an urban molecular xenomonitoring system for lymphatic filariasis in the Recife Metropolitan Region, Brazil.

Publisher: Public Library of Science Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 101291488 Publication Model: eCollection Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1935-2735 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 19352727 NLM ISO Abbreviation: PLoS Negl Trop Dis Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: San Francisco, CA : Public Library of Science

Epidemiological Monitoring*; Aedes/*parasitology ; Antigens, Protozoan/*blood ; Culex/*parasitology ; Elephantiasis, Filarial/*epidemiology ; Entomology/*methods ; Wuchereria bancrofti/*isolation & purification; Adult ; Aedes/growth & development ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Animals ; Brazil/epidemiology ; Cross-Over Studies ; Culex/growth & development ; Disease Transmission, Infectious ; Female ; Humans ; Immunoassay ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Prevalence ; Urban Population ; Wuchereria bancrofti/genetics

Introduction: Molecular xenomonitoring (MX)-pathogen detection in the mosquito rather than human-is a promising tool for lymphatic filariasis (LF) surveillance. In the Recife Metropolitan Region (RMR), the last LF focus in Brazil, Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes have been implicated in transmitting Wuchereria bancrofti parasites. This paper presents findings on the ideal mosquito collection method, mosquito dispersion, W. bancrofti infection in mosquitoes and W. bancrofti antigen in humans to aid MX development.
Methods: Experiments occurred within two densely populated urban areas of Olinda, RMR, in July and August 2015. U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) light traps were compared to battery-powered aspirators as collection methods, and mosquito dispersion was measured by mosquito mark release recapture (MMRR). Female Cx. quinquefasciatus were tested by PCR for W. bancrofti infection, and study area residents were screened by rapid tests for W. bancrofti antigen.
Results: Aspirators caught 2.6 times more total Cx. quinquefasciatus, including 38 times more blood-fed and 5 times more gravid stages, than CDC light traps. They also collected 123 times more Aedes aegypti. Of the 9,644 marked mosquitoes released, only ten (0.01%) were recaptured, nine of which were < 50m (34.8m median, 85.4m maximum) from the release point. Of 9,169 unmarked mosquitoes captured in the MMR, 38.3% were unfed, 48.8% blood-fed, 5.5% semi-gravid, and 7.3% gravid. PCR on 182 pools (1,556 mosquitoes) found no evidence of W. bancrofti infection in Cx. quinquefasciatus. Rapid tests on 110 of 111 eligible residents were all negative for W. bancrofti antigen.
Conclusions: Aspirators were more effective than CDC light traps at capturing Ae. aegypti and all but unfed stages of Cx. quinquefasciatus. Female Cx. quinquefasciatus traveled short (< 86m) distances in this urban area. Lack of evidence for W. bancrofti infection in mosquitoes and antigen in humans in these fine-scale studies does not indicate that LF transmission has ceased in the RMR. A MX surveillance system should consider vector-specific collection methods, mosquito dispersion, and spatial scale but also local context, environmental factors such as sanitation, and host factors such as infection prevalence and treatment history.
Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

Filaria J. 2003 Sep 9;2(1):13. (PMID: 13129436)
Parasit Vectors. 2014 Jun 19;7:276. (PMID: 24946878)
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2015 Nov;93(5):983-9. (PMID: 26350454)
J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2006 Jun;22(2):296-300. (PMID: 17019776)
Parasit Vectors. 2012 Nov 26;5:272. (PMID: 23181663)
J Vector Ecol. 2016 Dec;41(2):265-270. (PMID: 27860009)
J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2015 Mar;31(1):107-9. (PMID: 25843185)
Malar J. 2012 Jun 08;11:188. (PMID: 22681999)
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2010 Feb 16;4(2):e602. (PMID: 20169115)
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2013 Jan;107(1):15-22. (PMID: 23222942)
J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2013 Jun;29(2):102-7. (PMID: 23923324)
J Med Entomol. 2014 Jan;51(1):200-9. (PMID: 24605470)
Filaria J. 2006 Feb 24;5:2. (PMID: 16504131)
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2011 Jun;106(4):451-5. (PMID: 21739033)
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Nov 20;8(11):e3319. (PMID: 25412180)
J Vector Borne Dis. 2016 Mar;53(1):77-80. (PMID: 27004582)
J Med Entomol. 2008 Jul;45(4):600-9. (PMID: 18714858)
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 1997 Mar-Apr;91(2):156-60. (PMID: 9196756)
Parasitology. 2014 Dec;141(14):1912-7. (PMID: 25225828)
J Med Entomol. 2003 Nov;40(6):820-9. (PMID: 14765659)
Rev Inst Med Trop Sao Paulo. 2003 May-Jun;45(3):125-9. (PMID: 12870060)
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Jul 31;8(7):e3035. (PMID: 25078276)
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2013 Dec;108(8):1024-30. (PMID: 24402144)
Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2002 Dec;96 Suppl 2:S55-9. (PMID: 12625918)
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015 Feb 10;9(2):e0003475. (PMID: 25668559)
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017 Jan 30;11(1):e0005347. (PMID: 28135281)
Parasit Vectors. 2015 May 28;8:287. (PMID: 26016830)
Parasit Vectors. 2011 Jun 30;4:124. (PMID: 21718464)
J Med Entomol. 1991 May;28(3):357-71. (PMID: 1875362)
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2011 Sep;105(9):491-9. (PMID: 21737112)
Med Vet Entomol. 2007 Sep;21(3):284-92. (PMID: 17897370)
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2013 May;107(5):293-300. (PMID: 23442572)
PLoS Comput Biol. 2013;9(12):e1003327. (PMID: 24348223)
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Dec 11;8(12):e3328. (PMID: 25502758)
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Nov 13;8(11):e3281. (PMID: 25393404)
Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2002 Dec;96 Suppl 2:S41-6. (PMID: 12625916)
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Aug 14;8(8):e3087. (PMID: 25122037)
Med Vet Entomol. 2013 Sep;27(3):267-75. (PMID: 23002913)
Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2002 Dec;96 Suppl 2:S15-40. (PMID: 12630391)
J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2008 Mar;24(1):21-7. (PMID: 18437810)
J Med Entomol. 2012 Jan;49(1):35-42. (PMID: 22308769)
J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2006 Mar;22(1):10-4. (PMID: 16646315)
J Med Entomol. 2014 Jan;51(1):210-9. (PMID: 24605471)
Parasitol Today. 1997 Oct;13(10):401-4. (PMID: 15275155)
J Med Entomol. 2013 Sep;50(5):1140-51. (PMID: 24180120)
J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 1988 Sep;4(3):300-4. (PMID: 3199117)
Rev Bras Malariol Doencas Trop. 1954 Jul;6(3):377-87. (PMID: 13267101)
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2011 Dec;5(12):e1366. (PMID: 22216361)
Asian Pac J Trop Biomed. 2013 May;3(5):381-7. (PMID: 23646302)
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2006 May;74(5):826-32. (PMID: 16687688)
Lancet. 2006 Mar 25;367(9515):992-9. (PMID: 16564361)
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007 Oct;77(4):591-2. (PMID: 17978054)
J Vector Borne Dis. 2010 Jun;47(2):67-75. (PMID: 20539043)
Trends Parasitol. 2017 Oct;33(10):788-798. (PMID: 28756911)
Cad Saude Publica. 2009 Jun;25(6):1203-14. (PMID: 19503951)
Ann Trop Med Parasitol. 2002 Dec;96 Suppl 2:S47-53. (PMID: 12625917)
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2017 Apr 13;11(4):e0005519. (PMID: 28406927)
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2016 Feb;110(2):90-7. (PMID: 26822601)
J Med Entomol. 1992 May;29(3):531-43. (PMID: 1625303)
Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2008 Sep;103(6):602-5. (PMID: 18949333)
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2000 Sep-Oct;94(5):488-92. (PMID: 11132372)
PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2014 Mar 27;8(3):e2768. (PMID: 24676212)
Am J Trop Med Hyg. 2007 Mar;76(3):502-7. (PMID: 17360875)
Parasit Vectors. 2015 Sep 24;8:488. (PMID: 26399968)
J Am Mosq Control Assoc. 2004 Mar;20(1):6-11. (PMID: 15088699)
J Med Entomol. 2014 Mar;51(2):408-20. (PMID: 24724291)
Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg. 2015 Oct;109(10):628-35. (PMID: 26385935)
Cad Saude Publica. 2001 Sep-Oct;17(5):1211-8. (PMID: 11679895)

MR/K012126/1 United Kingdom MRC_ Medical Research Council; MR/K012126/1 United Kingdom MRC_ Medical Research Council; 101285/Z/13/Z United Kingdom WT_ Wellcome Trust

0 (Antigens, Protozoan)

Date Created: 20181017 Date Completed: 20190109 Latest Revision: 20210925

20231215

PMC6203399

10.1371/journal.pntd.0006816

30325933