Risk Factors for and Behavioral Consequences of Direct Versus Indirect Exposure to Violence.

Publisher: American Public Health Association Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 1254074 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1541-0048 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00900036 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Am J Public Health Subsets: MEDLINE

Publication: Washington, DC : American Public Health Association
Original Publication: New York [etc.]

Adolescent Behavior/*psychology ; Child Behavior Disorders/*psychology ; Crime Victims/*psychology ; Exposure to Violence/*psychology ; Social Behavior Disorders/*psychology; Adolescent ; Adolescent Behavior/ethnology ; Black or African American/psychology ; Black or African American/statistics & numerical data ; Chicago/epidemiology ; Child ; Child Behavior Disorders/etiology ; Cluster Analysis ; Exposure to Violence/ethnology ; Female ; Hispanic or Latino/psychology ; Hispanic or Latino/statistics & numerical data ; Humans ; Male ; Minority Groups/psychology ; Minority Groups/statistics & numerical data ; Risk Factors ; Social Behavior Disorders/ethnology ; Social Behavior Disorders/etiology ; Urban Population

Research suggests that direct exposure (personal victimization) and indirect exposure (witnessing or hearing about the victimization of a family member, friend, or neighbor) to violence are correlated. However, questions remain about the co-occurrence of these phenomena within individuals. We used data on 1915 youths (with an average age of 12 years at baseline) from the Project on Human Development in Chicago Neighborhoods to examine this issue. Results indicated that youths who tended to be personally victimized were also likely to witness violence; conversely, youths who disproportionately witnessed violence were relatively unlikely to experience personal victimization. In addition, direct and indirect exposures to violence were associated with subsequent adverse outcomes in similar ways. The key distinguishing factor was, rather, the cumulative level of violence (both direct and indirect) to which youths were exposed.

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Date Created: 20151113 Date Completed: 20160502 Latest Revision: 20221207

20221213

PMC4695920

10.2105/AJPH.2015.302920

26562101