Cephalometric norms for the upper airway of 12-year-old Chinese children.

Publisher: BioMed Central Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 101245792 Publication Model: Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1746-160X (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 1746160X NLM ISO Abbreviation: Head Face Med Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: [London] : BioMed Central, [2005]-

Nomograms*; Cephalometry/*methods ; Larynx/*anatomy & histology ; Pharynx/*anatomy & histology; Age Factors ; Child ; China ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sex Factors

Objective: To establish cephalometric norms for the upper airway of 12-year-old Chinese children, and to assess these norms with regard to gender, age, ethnicity and other craniofacial structures.
Methods: Lateral cephalograms were obtained from a random sample of 425 12-year-old Chinese children (224 boys and 201 girls) to establish the Chinese norms, and from a matched group of 108 12-year-old Caucasian children (61 boys and 47 girls) as an ethnic comparison. Published data on the upper airway norms of Chinese adults were used to make age comparisons. Nine upper airway and 14 craniofacial variables were measured.
Results: Chinese boys tended to have a thicker soft palate (P = 0.008), and less depth in the retropalatal (P = 0.011), retroglossal (P = 0.034) and hypopharyngeal (P < 0.001) pharynx than Chinese girls, whereas no gender dimorphism was found in Caucasian children. Ethnic differences were found in the depth of the retroglossal oropharynx in both genders and the position of the hyoid bone in boys. Compared with Chinese adults, the overall size of the upper airway in Chinese children was smaller. The mandibular body length and the craniocervical inclination were found to be statistically significantly, albeit weakly correlated with upper airway variables.
Conclusions: Cephalometric norms for the upper airway of Chinese 12-year-old children were established, indicating gender-specific differences, and some ethnic differences were found in comparison with those of 12-year-old Caucasian children. An association between the mandibular body length and the craniocervical inclination with upper airway variables was also noticeable.

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Date Created: 20140915 Date Completed: 20150421 Latest Revision: 20211021

20250114

PMC4168695

10.1186/1746-160X-10-38

25218804