The article offers information on the evolution of modern fern such as leptosporangiate fern. The history of the fern's systematic classification has gone through constant changes as the number of recognized living families range from nine to more than 40 with the additional extinct families in the fossil record. The recent advancements of systematically informative structural characters and the development of molecular systematics have allowed pteridologist to recognize grades and biological groups of ferns with increasing confidence. They have also defined families of living species that traditionally have been hard to identify from fossils.
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