Discovery and evolutionary history of gonadotrophin-inhibitory hormone and kisspeptin: new key neuropeptides controlling reproduction.

Publisher: Wiley & Sons Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 8913461 Publication Model: Print-Electronic Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1365-2826 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 09538194 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Neuroendocrinol Subsets: MEDLINE

Publication: <2010->: Malden, MA : Wiley & Sons
Original Publication: Eynsham, Oxon, UK : Oxford University Press, c1989-

Glycoproteins/*metabolism ; Gonadotropins/*antagonists & inhibitors ; Neuropeptides/*metabolism ; Reproduction/*physiology ; Tumor Suppressor Proteins/*metabolism; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/genetics ; Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone/metabolism ; Gonadotropins/genetics ; Gonadotropins/metabolism ; Humans ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Neurons/metabolism ; Neuropeptides/classification ; Neuropeptides/genetics ; Phylogeny ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/genetics ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled/metabolism

Gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is the primary hypothalamic factor responsible for the control of gonadotrophin secretion in vertebrates. However, within the last decade, two other hypothalamic neuropeptides have been found to play key roles in the control of reproductive functions: gonadotrophin-inhibitory hormone (GnIH) and kisspeptin. In 2000, we discovered GnIH in the quail hypothalamus. GnIH inhibits gonadotrophin synthesis and release in birds through actions on GnRH neurones and gonadotrophs, mediated via GPR147. Subsequently, GnIH orthologues were identified in other vertebrate species from fish to humans. As in birds, mammalian and fish GnIH orthologues inhibit gonadotrophin release, indicating a conserved role for this neuropeptide in the control of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis across species. Subsequent to the discovery of GnIH, kisspeptin, encoded by the KiSS-1 gene, was discovered in mammals. By contrast to GnIH, kisspeptin has a direct stimulatory effect on GnRH neurones via GPR54. GPR54 is also expressed in pituitary cells, but whether gonadotrophs are targets for kisspeptin remains unresolved. The KiSS-1 gene is also highly conserved and has been identified in mammals, amphibians and fish. We have recently found a second isoform of KiSS-1, designated KiSS-2, in several vertebrates, but not birds, rodents or primates. In this review, we highlight the discovery, mechanisms of action, and functional significance of these two chief regulators of the reproductive axis.

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R01 HD050470 United States HD NICHD NIH HHS; R01 HD050470-04 United States HD NICHD NIH HHS; HD-050470 United States HD NICHD NIH HHS

0 (Glycoproteins)
0 (Gonadotropins)
0 (Neuropeptides)
0 (RFamide peptide)
0 (Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled)
0 (Tumor Suppressor Proteins)
0 (gonadotropin inhibitor)
33515-09-2 (Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone)

Date Created: 20100512 Date Completed: 20101112 Latest Revision: 20211020

20221213

PMC2909878

10.1111/j.1365-2826.2010.02018.x

20456604