The relationship between parenting dimensions and adult achievement: evidence from the Whitehall II Study.

Publisher: Informa Healthcare Country of Publication: England NLM ID: 9421097 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 1070-5503 (Print) Linking ISSN: 10705503 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Int J Behav Med Subsets: MEDLINE

Publication: London : Informa Healthcare
Original Publication: Hillsdale, NJ : Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, c1994-

Achievement*; Parenting/*psychology; Adult ; Cognition ; Educational Status ; Female ; Humans ; Internal-External Control ; London ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Parent-Child Relations ; Set, Psychology ; Socioeconomic Factors

This article examines the association between three dimensions of perceived parenting--warmth, strictness, and expectation--and adult cognitive and socioeconomic achievement outcomes. Structural equation models (N = 7,035) were used to examine simultaneously the influence of parenting on adult achievement while controlling for the influence of parental socioeconomic circumstances. Very low and very high level of parental warmth was associated with poor adult achievement. Strictness had a negative and parental expectation a positive relationship with adult achievement. These associations were independent of parental socioeconomic circumstances. Own education was found to mediate 27-56% of the relationship between parenting dimensions and adult achievement. Parental expectation was most strongly related to adult achievement. We conclude that parenting plays a significant role in the development of adult achievement: both cognitive ability and socioeconomic achievement. Moderate levels of warmth, low levels of strictness, and high parental expectation are associated with high adult achievement.

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AG13196 United States AG NIA NIH HHS; R37 AG013196 United States AG NIA NIH HHS; HL36310 United States HL NHLBI NIH HHS; R01 AG013196 United States AG NIA NIH HHS; HS06516 United States HS AHRQ HHS; G19/35 United Kingdom MRC_ Medical Research Council; G8802774 United Kingdom MRC_ Medical Research Council; R01 HL036310 United States HL NHLBI NIH HHS; G0100222 United Kingdom MRC_ Medical Research Council

Date Created: 20070119 Date Completed: 20070403 Latest Revision: 20240610

20240610

PMC4921127

10.1207/s15327558ijbm1304_7

17228990