B cells defined by immunoglobulin isotypes.

Summary: The ability of B cells to generate antibodies and provide long-lived protective immunity is the cornerstone of vaccination and has contributed to the success of modern medicine. The nine different antibody subclasses produced by humans have effector functions that differ according to antigen type and route of exposure. Expression of the appropriate isotype is critical for effective humoral immunity, and it is becoming clear that subclass specificity is to some extent reflected at the cellular level. Understanding the mechanisms that govern the induction, expansion, and maintenance of B cells expressing different antibody subclasses informs the strategic manipulation of responses to benefit human health. This article provides an overview of the mechanisms by which the different human antibody subclasses regulate immunity, presents an update on how antibody subclass expression is regulated at the cellular level and highlights key areas for future research. Expression of the appropriate antibody isotype is critical for effective humoral immunity. Subclass specificity is to some extent reflected at the cellular level and better understanding of the mechanisms that govern the induction, expansion, and maintenance of B cells expressing different antibody subclasses could be valuable to for developing B cell targeting treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]