The role of early life environmental risk factors in Parkinson disease: what is the evidence?

Publisher: National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0330411 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Print ISSN: 0091-6765 (Print) Linking ISSN: 00916765 NLM ISO Abbreviation: Environ Health Perspect Subsets: MEDLINE

Original Publication: Research Triangle Park, N. C. National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.

Parkinson Disease/*etiology; Age Factors ; Animals ; Caffeine ; Coffee ; Environmental Exposure ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Humans ; Infections ; Parkinson Disease/epidemiology ; Personality ; Residence Characteristics ; Risk Factors ; Smoking

Parkinson disease (PD) is of unknown but presumably multifactorial etiology. Neuropathologic studies and animal models show that exposure to environmental neurotoxicants can determine progressive damage in the substantia nigra many years before the onset of clinical parkinsonism. Therefore, PD, like other neurologic diseases related to aging, may be determined by exposures present in the environment early during the life span or even during pregnancy. Recent epidemiologic studies have focused on the possible role of environmental risk factors present during adult life or aging. Smoking and coffee drinking have consistently been identified to have protective associations, whereas roles of other risk factors such as pesticide and infections have been reported in some studies but not replicated in others. Both genetic inheritance and sharing of common environment in the same family explain the increased risk of PD of relatives of PD cases compared with relatives of controls in familial aggregation studies. Much evidence indicates that risk factors that have a long latency or a slow effect could be important for late-onset PD. Further epidemiologic studies are warranted in this area.

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0 (Coffee)
3G6A5W338E (Caffeine)

Date Created: 20050906 Date Completed: 20060217 Latest Revision: 20220330

20221213

PMC1280408

10.1289/ehp.7573

16140634