تعيني القاضي الدستوري مدى احلياة يف الواليات املتحدة والعراق وتطبيق مبادئ الدميقراطية وأسس دولة القانون.

IRAQ; UNITED States

نشأ القضاء الدستوري في الواليات المتحدة األمريكية. والقضاة في الواليات المتحدة سواء من يمارس منهم وظيفة القضاء الدستوري ومن يمارس مجاالت أخرى في القضاء األمريكي، يشغلون وظيفتهم مدى الحياة بنص الدستور. وقد برر اآلباء المؤسسون للواليات المتحدة هذا النهج بضعف السلطة القضائية في مواجهة السلطتين التشريعية والتنفيذية والحاجة لتعزيز استقالل السلطة القضائية عن هاتين السلطتين، وصعوبة الحصول على قضاة مهنيين. وقد كان هناك تأصيل من قبل الفالسفة الذين قاموا بالتنظير لمبدأ الفصل بين السلطات، وخصوصا مونتسكيو، للراي القائل بضعف السلطة القضائية وأهمية السلطتين التشريعية والتنفيذية مقارنة بالسلطة القضائية. إن نطاق عمل القاضي نشئ ُ الدستوري هو الوثيقة الدستورية التي طغيان الجانب السياسي لعمل المحكمة االتحادية العليا خصوصا في حاالت تم ذكرها في هذه الدراسة. وهذا النهج من قبل المشرع العراقي مستغرب. وقد سلطت هذه الدراسة الضوء على األثار السلبية لهذا النهج والتي تتنافى مع مبادئ الديمقراطية وأسس دولة القانون. إذ كيف يمكن الكالم عن الديمقراطية ودولة القانون إذا كان القضاة الدستوريين يتم تعيينهم مدى الحياة، وهم الذين يؤدي عملهم الى التأثير على عمل السلطات العامة األخرى والتحكم بها في بعض األحيان بينما السلطات العامة األخرى يتم تبديل أعضائها بشكل دوري حسب رغبة الناخبين. وبناء على ما تقدم فان هذه الدراسة أوصت المشرع العراقي تبديل هذا النهج وتحقيق الغاية من تطبيقه بوسائل أخرى، وهي التعيين في القضاء الدستوري لمرة واحدة فقط دون تجديد، ومنح امتيازات مجزية للقاضي المتقاعد ماليا واجتماعيا ومنعه من ممارسة العمل السياسي واالجتماعي بعد التقاعد. وقد أدت زيادة عدد السكان وتطور المستوى العلمي الى إمكانية التغلب على تبرير نقص الكوادر المهنية للعمل القضائي. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The constitutional judiciary established in the United States of America. Judges in the United States, both those who exercise the function of the constitutional judiciary and those who exercise other fields in the American judiciary, shall hold their job for life according to the text of the constitution. The founding fathers of the United States justified this approach by the weakness of the judiciary in the face of the legislative and executive authorities, the need to strengthen the independence of the judiciary from these two authorities, and the difficulty in obtaining professional judges. There is root by the philosophers who theorized for the principle of separation of powers, especially Montesquieu, for the opinion that the judicial authority is weak, and the importance of the legislative and executive authorities compared to the judicial authority. The scope of work of a constitutional judge is the constitutional document that establishes public authorities and defines their competences, as well as their relationship with each other, and their relationship with people. This function has a political aspect that cannot be denied, and the practical reality of the constitutional judiciary has proven its existence, and rather its tyranny in some periods of the history of the constitutional judiciary, as this study has made clear, so how can an authority carry out work of a political nature that has a clear and explicit effect on the activity of public authorities, despite that Its members remain occupying their positions for life and impose their political opinions and ideological beliefs on authorities whose members change from time to time according to the convictions of the voters? Despite the negative aspects of the practical application of the approach of appointment for life, which led to its non-application by the countries of the constitutional judiciary, however, Iraq in the Federal Supreme Court Law applied the American approach, despite its disadvantages, and despite the practical reality in Iraq proved the tyranny of the political side of the work of the Federal Supreme Court, especially in cases they are mentioned in this study. This approach by the Iraqi legislator is surprising. This study focused light on the negative effects of this approach, which are incompatible with the principles of democracy and the foundations' state of the law. As, how can we talk about democracy and the state of law, if constitutional judges are appointed for life, and it is their work that influences the work of other public authorities and sometimes controls them, while other public authorities change their members periodically according to the desire of the voters. Based on the foregoing, this study recommended the Iraqi legislator to change this approach and achieve the goal of applying it by other ways, which is to appoint to the constitutional judiciary for one time only without renewal and to grant remunerative privileges to the retired judge financially and socially and preventing him from practicing political and social work after retirement. The increase in the population and the development of the educational level have made it possible to overcome the justification for the lack of professional cadres for judicial work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journals Eduction for Girls is the property of Republic of Iraq Ministry of Higher Education & Scientific Research (MOHESR) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)