Fungal phytochrome chromophore biosynthesis at mitochondria.

Mitochondria are essential organelles because of their function in energy conservation. Here, we show an involvement of mitochondria in phytochrome‐dependent light sensing in fungi. Phytochrome photoreceptors are found in plants, bacteria, and fungi and contain a linear, heme‐derived tetrapyrrole as chromophore. Linearization of heme requires heme oxygenases (HOs) which reside inside chloroplasts in planta. Despite the poor degree of conservation of HOs, we identified two candidates in the fungus Alternaria alternata. Deletion of either one phenocopied phytochrome deletion. The two enzymes had a cooperative effect and physically interacted with phytochrome, suggesting metabolon formation. The metabolon was attached to the surface of mitochondria with a C‐terminal anchor (CTA) sequence in HoxA. The CTA was necessary and sufficient for mitochondrial targeting. The affinity of phytochrome apoprotein to HoxA was 57,000‐fold higher than the affinity of the holoprotein, suggesting a "kiss‐and‐go" mechanism for chromophore loading and a function of mitochondria as assembly platforms for functional phytochrome. Hence, two alternative approaches for chromophore biosynthesis and insertion into phytochrome evolved in plants and fungi. SYNOPSIS: Heme oxygenase activity converts heme into a linear tetrapyrrole for insertion into the light‐sensory phytochrome apoprotein. Here, identification of two fungal heme oxygenases reveals unprecedented mitochondrial involvement in chromophore production. The fungus Alternaria alternata contains two heme oxygenases, HoxA and HoxB.HoxA and HoxB localize to the outer mitochondrial membrane.Both heme oxygenases interact with phytochrome apoprotein and release functional phytochrome after chromophore loading. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]