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Este trabalho tem por objetivo mapear, compreender e analisar os elementos que estruturaram o espa?o escolar, as rela??es e a??es desenvolvidas pelos sujeitos hist?ricos no momento de produ??o dos crit?rios de qualifica??o dos livros did?ticos e de Hist?ria, assim como as formas, sentidos, usos e fun??es atribu?das ao saber hist?rico escolar, institucionalizados pelo Programa Nacional do Livro Did?tico (PNLD), entre 1994-2014 investigar o papel de tal programa para a constru??o de tais crit?rios, p?s-ditadura civil-militar, assim como suas transforma??es, explorando assim sua historicidade. Para tal, analisou-se a produ??o de pesquisas sobre os livros did?ticos de Hist?ria a fim de refletir sobre como os especialistas visitaram essa espacialidade quando tratam do livro did?tico de Hist?ria, e situar a presente produ??o em rela??o ?s outras pesquisas sobre livros did?ticos de Hist?ria e como esta atende a uma lacuna: o estudo dos usos, formas, fun??es e sentidos atribu?dos ao conhecimento hist?rico no espa?o escolar e no livro did?tico de Hist?ria. Esse fato filia essa pesquisa ? Did?tica da Hist?ria, campo que estuda tais aspectos do conhecimento hist?rico. Analisaram-se tamb?m os documentos que fundamentaram o processo de sele??o das caracter?sticas que um bom livro did?tico de Hist?ria deveria possuir, a saber: Defini??es de Crit?rios para Avalia??o dos Livros Did?ticos ? Portugu?s, Matem?tica, Estudos Sociais e Ci?ncias/ 1? a 4? (1994) e Recomenda??es para uma pol?tica p?blica dos Livros Did?ticos (2001), que demarcariam os esfor?os iniciais nessa dire??o. Por ?ltimo, estudaram-se os Editais do PNLD do Ensino Fundamental entre 2000 e 2014, documentos que deram continuidade ao processo de parametriza??o da pr?tica social de produ??o de livros did?ticos. Trataram-se, assim, de observar s?cio-historicamente o que levou ? sele??o dos par?metros de qualidade que se atribu?ram ao livro did?tico de Hist?ria p?s-ditadura civil-militar, a partir do que estava tensionado no espa?o escolar no momento de sua elabora??o. Para isso, utilizou-se da an?lise de conte?do, fundamentada por Laurence Bardin, como metodologia de trabalho, a qual permitiu que se observasse os documentos para al?m de sua mensagem aparente, revelando elementos Hist?ricos, sociol?gicos e, at? mesmo, psicol?gicos. Aportou-se tamb?m na teoria de espa?o praticado, desenvolvida por Michel de Certeau, uma vez que permitiu compreender o espa?o escolar como um espa?o difuso, marcado, principalmente, por sua dimens?o relacional. Procurou-se com essa an?lise perceber as tens?es que perpassam o espa?o escolar no momento em que foi praticado por seus agentes ao tratarem do livro did?tico de Hist?ria no per?odo de 1994 a 2014. Foi poss?vel constatar, por meio desse trabalho, que a produ??o dos crit?rios de qualidade esteve, em um momento inicial, atrelado ?s no??es do capital neoliberal, marcas do governo Itamar Franco e FHC, mas que, a partir da subida do Partido dos Trabalhadores ? presid?ncia, uma nova formata??o foi dada ao PNLD. Essa foi marcada por uma aproxima??o maior do Estado em rela??o ? pr?tica de produ??o de livros did?ticos no Brasil, delimitando assim o que esse esperava de um bom material did?tico, n?o mais preocupado unicamente com a inser??o do Brasil no mundo do capital globalizado, mas voltado para a forma??o do cidad?o que se esperava para a sociedade brasileira republicana, capaz de agir e refletir e exercer seus direitos. Ao mesmo tempo, esta pesquisa tamb?m possibilitou visualizar elementos e agentes que comp?em o espa?o escolar, quando se trata da produ??o de livros did?ticos, assim como suas t?ticas e estrat?gias no momento das a??es em tal espacialidade, marcada por uma economia escritur?stica.
This work aims to map, understand and analyze the elements that structured the school space, the relationships and actions developed by historical subjects at the moment of production of the qualification criteria of textbooks and history, as well as the forms, meanings, uses and functions attributed to the school's historical knowledge, institutionalized by the National Textbook Program (PNLD), between 1994 and 2014; to investigate the role of such a program for the construction of such criteria, post-civil-military dictatorship, as well as its transformations, thus exploring its historicity. For that, we analyzed the production of research on the History textbooks in order to reflect on how the specialists visited this spatiality when they deal with the textbook of History and situate the present production in relation to the other researches on History textbooks and as it deals with a gap: the study of the uses, forms, functions and meanings attributed to historical knowledge in the school space and in the textbook of History. This fact links this research to the Didactics of History, a field that studies such aspects of historical knowledge. We also analyzed the documents that supported the process of selecting the characteristics that a good History textbook should have, namely: Definitions of Criteria for Evaluation of Didactic Books - Portuguese, Mathematics, Social Studies and Sciences / 1st to 4th (1994 ) and Recommendations for a Public Policy on Didactic Books (2001), which would mark initial efforts in this direction. Finally, we have studied the PNLD Public Schools of Primary Education between 2000 and 2014, documents that continued the process of parameterization of the social practice of textbook production. Thus, they sought to observe socio-historically what led to the selection of quality parameters attributed to the History textbook after civil-military dictatorship, from what was strained in the school space at the time of its elaboration. For this, it was used the content analysis, founded by Laurence Bardin, as a methodology of work, which allowed to observe the documents beyond its apparent message, revealing historical, sociological and even psychological elements. He was also involved in the theory of space practiced, developed by Michel de Certeau, since it allowed to understand the school space as a diffuse space, mainly marked by its relational dimension. This analysis sought to understand the tensions that permeate the school space when it was practiced by its agents when dealing with the History textbook from 1994 to 2014. It was possible to verify, through this work, that the production of quality criteria was, in an initial moment, linked to the notions of neoliberal capital, government remains of Itamar Franco and FHC, but that, from the rise of the Workers' Party to the presidency, a new format was given to the PNLD. This was marked by a greater approximation of the State in relation to the practice of textbook production in Brazil, thus delimiting what was expected of a good didactic material, no longer concerned solely with the insertion of Brazil into the world of globalized capital, but for the formation of the citizen that was expected for Brazilian republican society, capable of acting and reflecting and exercising their rights. At the same time, this research also made it possible to visualize elements and agents that make up the school space, when it comes to the production of didactic books, as well as their tactics and strategies in the moment of actions in such spatiality, marked by a scriptural economy.
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