F?sica t?rmica com ?nfases curriculares em CTSA e ensino por investiga??o

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Esta proposta pretende contribuir com o ensino e aprendizagem da F?sica em condi??es ordin?rias de trabalho no Ensino M?dio de escolas p?blicas do interior do Nordeste brasileiro. Consiste da elabora??o, implementa??o e avalia??o de um conjunto de Sequ?ncias de Ensino cobrindo conte?dos iniciais de F?sica T?rmica previstos para o ensino m?dio; ou seja, abrangendo os temas: Temperatura, Term?metros e Escalas Termom?tricas; Natureza e Propaga??o do Calor; Dilata??o t?rmica; Calorimetria; e Descri??o Macrosc?pica de Um G?s Ideal. Esse conjunto de sequ?ncias de ensino, considerado ? parte da disserta??o, constitui o que ? exigido pelo Programa de P?s-gradua??o com o nome Produto Educacional. A pesquisa, de cunho predominantemente qualitativo, reflete acerca de aspectos hist?ricos do ensino de F?sica no Brasil como pontos de partida para entender a realidade atual da disciplina de F?sica no Ensino M?dio das escolas p?blicas brasileiras. Discute, com base na literatura da ?rea, as dificuldades de professores e alunos no ensino e aprendizagem da disciplina de F?sica, algumas relacionadas ?s caracter?sticas pr?prias da disciplina e outras com o modo pelo qual se d? o processo de ensino-aprendizagem. Como abordagens facilitadoras neste processo s?o adotadas as ?nfases curriculares em Ci?ncia-Tecnologia-Sociedade-Ambiente (CTSA) e de Ensino por Investiga??o (E/I), ambas fundamentadas de acordo com a literatura especializada. Em seguida, s?o descritas a elabora??o, implementa??o e avalia??o de Sequ?ncias de Ensino Investigativas (SEIs) para os conte?dos de F?sica T?rmica, de acordo com o referencial te?rico utilizado. A interven??o feita em sala de aula ancora-se na metodologia cooperativa e participante da pesquisa-a??o em duas turmas reunidas de 2? Ano de Ensino M?dio da Escola Estadual Nelson Batista Alves, situada no munic?pio de Bernardino Batista, na microrregi?o de Cajazeiras, extremo Oeste da Para?ba. As an?lises dos resultados das interven??es s?o feitas com base no m?todo de An?lise de Conte?do, tamb?m previamente discutido. Dentre os resultados mais representativos obtidos, temos: (i) as respostas aos testes de sondagem utilizados no in?cio de cada interven??o escolar com o intuito de obter as concep??es pr?vias dos estudantes sobre conceitos e fen?menos envolvidos, que propiciaram intensivas discuss?es esclarecedoras de aspectos diversos do conhecimento formal; (ii) as descri??es das observa??es feitas pelos alunos dos experimentos demonstrativos utilizados para apresenta??o do ?modus operandi? de leis e princ?pios f?sicos; (iii) a descri??o de respostas e discuss?es estabelecidas na turma sobre o conte?do de textos de apoio utilizados como instrumentos para enfatizar uma abordagem CTSA; e, finalmente, (iv) as respostas e discuss?es propiciadas por outros textos de apoio cuidadosamente selecionados para uso como contexto de um ensino respaldado na investiga??o. Em geral, pudemos concluir que h? viabilidade para implementar um ensino com estas caracter?sticas para o tipo de p?blico-alvo deste trabalho, embora tenhamos que superar uma enorme gama de dificuldades relacionadas ? realidade escolar e ao ambiente cultural.
This proposal aims to contribute to the teaching and learning of physics in ordinary working conditions in public high school institutions in the interior of the Brazilian Northeast. It consists of the design, implementation and evaluation of a set of Teaching Sequences covering initial contents of Thermal Physics provided for high school; i.e., covering the following topics: Temperature, Thermometers and Thermometric Scales; Heat Nature and Propagation Mechanisms; Thermal expansion; Calorimetry; and Macroscopic Description of an Ideal Gas. This set of teaching sequences, considered apart from the dissertation, is what is required by the Graduate Program with the name Educational Product. The research, of predominantly qualitative nature, reflects about historical aspects of teaching physics in Brazil as a starting point to understand the current reality of the discipline of physics in high school of Brazilian public educational institutions. It discusses, based in the literature, the difficulties of teachers and students in teaching and learning the discipline of physics, some related to the characteristics of the discipline and others with the way in which it gives the teaching-learning process. As facilitator approaches in this process are adopted curricular emphases in Science-Technology-Society-Environment (STSE) and Education by Research (EbyR), both founded according to the literature. Then are described the design, implementation and evaluation of Sequences of Investigative Education (SIEs) for Thermal Physics contents, according to the theoretical framework. Intervention made in the classroom is anchored in the cooperative methodology and participatory action-research in two gathered groups from 2nd high school year in the State School Nelson Batista Alves, in the municipality of Bernardino Batista, the micro region of Cajazeiras, far west Paraiba. Analysis of the results of interventions are made based on the content analysis method, also previously discussed. Among the most representative results we have: (i) responses to probing tests used at the beginning of each school intervention in order to get the preconceptions of students on concepts and phenomena involved, which provided intensive enlightening discussions of various aspects of formal knowledge; (ii) descriptions of the observations made by the students' demonstration experiments used to present the 'modus operandi' of laws and physical principles; (iii) a description of responses and discussions established in class about the contents of supporting texts used as instruments to emphasize a STSE approach; and finally (iv) the responses and aditional discussions enabled by other discussions handouts carefully selected for use as the context of a teaching supported by investigation. Overall, we concluded that there is possibility to implement an education with these characteristics for the type of audience for this work, although we have to overcome a huge range of difficulties related to the school reality and the cultural environment.