Matem?ticas elementares na Escola Normal de Natal legisla??o, programas de ensino, material did?tico (1908-1970)

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A pesquisa analisa a hist?ria do ensino de Matem?tica na Escola Normal de Natal, Rio Grande do Norte, entre 908 e 1970. Teve como objetivo constituir um percurso hist?rico acerca do ensino de Matem?tica na Escola Normal de Natal, de modo que pudesse revelar alguns aspectos da trajet?ria da Aritm?tica, da Geometria e do Desenho no curr?culo da forma??o de professores prim?rios na Escola Normal de Natal nesse per?odo. Respalda-se nos conceitos utilizados pela Hist?ria Cultural, em Burke (2004) e Thompson (2004), Chartier (1990). Fundamenta-se nos pressupostos da Cultura Escolar, em Julia (2001) e outros, e na hist?ria das disciplinas escolares, em Chervel (1990). Utilizamos como principais fontes de pesquisa fotografias e outros documentos que fazem parte de um repert?rio pr?prio da Cultura Escolar. Essas fontes documentais foram encontradas principalmente nos arquivos do Instituto de Educa??o Superior Presidente Kennedy, no Arquivo P?blico do Estado do RN, no Instituto Hist?rico e Geogr?fico do RN, e na Casa de C?mara Cascudo. O estudo evidenciou que um dos primeiros livros textos de matem?tica, elaborado para a pr?tica do ensino prim?rio no estado do RN foi ?Exerc?cios de Numera??o?, pautado no m?todo intuitivo de autoria de Francisco Pinto de Abreu, professor e diretor da Escola Normal de Natal, no in?cio do s?culo XX. E que os programas de ensino e o material did?tico utilizado na Escola Normal de Natal tinham como par?metro os de outros estados brasileiros, principalmente os estados de S?o Paulo, Rio de Janeiro e Minas Gerais, pois alguns documentos revelam que o diretor Nestor Lima esteve em miss?o de estudo para conhecer e trazer estes par?metros para a constitui??o dos programas do RN. Constatamos ainda que, os programas de ensino da Escola Normal de Natal no per?odo estudado se constitu?ram em tr?s fases, o de 1916, o de 1938 e o de 1969. E que os principais livros did?ticos de matem?tica utilizados na primeira metade do s?culo XX foram Aritm?tica Elementar de Ant?nio Bandeira Trajano, ?lgebra do Ensino M?dio da FTD, Li??es de Matem?tica de Algacir Maeder, ?lgebra Elementar de Ant?nio Bandeira Trajano. E na segunda metade do s?culo XX foram utilizados livros did?ticos e manuais pedag?gicos que tinham pressupostos pedag?gicos pautados na pedagogia Escolanovista e ind?cios do Movimento da Matem?tica Moderna. Evidenciamos no estudo que a pr?tica de ensino dos professorandos da Escola Normal ocorria na Escola Modelo desde a sua cria??o em 1908 at? o in?cio da d?cada de 1970, em tr?s fases que perdurava de abril a novembro no ?ltimo ano do curso, e que na pr?tica da Aritm?tica era onde os professorandos obtinham menores resultados. Constatamos que no ano de 1958 o Curso do Professor Malba Tahan na Escola Normal teve boa repercuss?o e foi considerado como um avan?o no ensino de matem?tica da ?poca. E ainda que as revistas pedag?gicas que circulavam no RN e principalmente a Revista Pedagogium editada pela Associa??o dos Professores do RN davam suporte ? forma??o continuada dos professores a partir de 1921 e nestas revistas algumas mat?rias de matem?tica foram bastante significativas para o ensino da ?poca.
The research analyzes the history of mathematics teaching on Natal Normal School, Rio Grande do Norte, between 1908 and 1970. The objective was to provide a historical background about mathematics teaching on Natal Normal School, so that he could reveal some aspects the trajectory of arithmetic, geometry and design in the curriculum of primary teacher training on Natal Normal School in this period. Supports to the concepts used by the Cultural History, Burke (2004) and Thompson (2004), Chartier (1990). It is based on the assumptions of School Culture in Julia (2001) and others, and in the history of school subjects in Chervel (1990). We used as main sources of research photographs and other documents that are part of a repertoire of School Culture. These documentary sources were mainly found in the Higher Education Institute President Kennedy files in the RN State Public Archives, the Historical and Geographical Institute of the RN, and Cascudo house. The study showed that one of the first books mathematics texts prepared for the practice of primary education in the state of RN was "Numbering Exercises", based on intuitive method by Francisco Pinto de Abreu, professor and director of the Normal School Natal at the beginning of the twentieth century. And that education programs and teaching materials used in Natal Normal School had as a parameter in other Brazilian states, especially the states of S?o Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Minas Gerais, as some documents reveal that the director Nestor Lima was in study mission to meet and bring these parameters for the establishment of RN programs. We also acknowledge that educational programs of the Normal School Natal during the study period consisted of three phases, the 1916, the 1938 and the 1969. And the main math textbooks used in the first half of the twentieth century were Elementary arithmetic Antonio Flag Trajano, Algebra School of FTD, Math Lessons Algacir Maeder, elementary algebra Antonio Flag Trajan. And in the second half of the twentieth century they were used textbooks and teaching manuals had pedagogical assumptions guided by the New School pedagogy and the Modern Mathematics Movement evidence. We show in this study that the teaching practice of the Normal School professorandos occurred in the Model School since its inception in 1908 until the early 1970s, in three phases that lingered from April to November in the last year of the course, and that in practice Arithmetic was where professorandos obtained lower results. We note that in 1958 Professor Course Malba Tahan at the Normal School had good response and was considered a breakthrough in the teaching of mathematics at the time. And although the pedagogical journals circulating in newborns and especially Pedagogium Magazine edited by the Association of Teachers RN gave support to the continuing education of teachers from 1921 and these magazines some math materials were quite significant for teaching time.