Maternal Prenatal Stress and Other Developmental Risk Factors for Adolescent Depression: Spotlight on Sex Differences.

Publisher: Springer Country of Publication: United States NLM ID: 0364547 Publication Model: Print Cited Medium: Internet ISSN: 1573-2835 (Electronic) Linking ISSN: 00910627 NLM ISO Abbreviation: J Abnorm Child Psychol Subsets: MEDLINE

Publication: New York, NY : Springer
Original Publication: Washington, Winston.

Adolescent Development* ; Birth Order* ; Child Development*; Anxiety/*epidemiology ; Conduct Disorder/*epidemiology ; Depression/*epidemiology ; Prenatal Exposure Delayed Effects/*epidemiology ; Stress, Psychological/*epidemiology; Adolescent ; Adult ; California/epidemiology ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Risk Factors ; Sex Factors ; Young Adult

Maternal stress during pregnancy has been linked to premorbid abnormalities associated with depression (e.g., difficult temperament, cognitive deficits) in offspring. However, few studies have looked across developmental periods to examine maternal stress during pregnancy and offspring depression during adolescence and whether these associations differ by sex. The current study used data from 1711 mother-offspring dyads (offspring sex: 49.8% male) in a longitudinal birth cohort study. Maternal narratives collected during pregnancy were qualitatively coded for stress-related themes by independent raters. Latent class analysis (LCA) identified distinct subgroups of offspring based on exposure to maternal prenatal stress and other developmental factors from the prenatal, childhood, and adolescent periods that have been associated with depression and/or maternal prenatal stress. LCA identified subgroups that were compared to determine whether and to what extent they differed on adolescent depressive symptoms. LCA revealed a subgroup of "high-risk" individuals, characterized by maternal factors during pregnancy (higher ambivalence/negativity and lower positivity towards the pregnancy, higher levels of hassles, lower maternal education and higher maternal age at birth, higher pre-pregnancy BMI) and offspring developmental factors (decreased cognitive functioning during childhood and adolescence, lower perceived parental support during adolescence, and higher levels of maternal depression during adolescence). High-risk females exhibited elevated conduct symptoms and higher birth order, while high-risk males exhibited decreased internalizing symptoms and lower birth order. Both high-risk males and females reported elevated depressive symptoms during adolescence relative to their "low-risk" counterparts.

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HHSN275201100020C United States HD NICHD NIH HHS; R01 MH096478 United States MH NIMH NIH HHS; T32 MH018870 United States MH NIMH NIH HHS

Keywords: Adolescence; Depression; Developmental risk factors; Prenatal stress; Sex differences

Date Created: 20170411 Date Completed: 20190213 Latest Revision: 20240315

20240315

PMC5828524

10.1007/s10802-017-0299-0

28393324