Analysis Dynamics Model Predator-Prey with Holling Type III Response Function and Anti-Predator Behavior

Understanding predator-prey dynamics is essential for maintaining ecological balance and biodiversity. Classical models often fail to capture complex biological behaviors such as prey defense mechanisms and nonlinear predation effects, which are vital for accurately describing real ecosystems. In light of this, there is a growing need to incorporate behavioral and functional complexity into mathematical models to better understand species interactions and their long-term ecological outcomes. This study aims to develop and analyze a predator-prey model that integrates two key ecological features: a Holling type III functional response and the anti-predator behavior exhibited by prey. The model assumes a habitat with limited carrying capacity to reflect environmental constraints. We formulate a nonlinear system of differential equations representing the interaction between prey and predator populations. The model is examined analytically by identifying equilibrium points and analyzing their local stability using the Routh-Hurwitz criteria. A literature-based theoretical analysis is supplemented with numerical simulations to validate and illustrate population dynamics. The model exhibits three equilibrium points: a trivial solution (extinction), a predator-free equilibrium, and a non-trivial saddle point representing coexistence. The non-trivial equilibrium best reflects ecological reality, indicating stable coexistence where prey consumption is balanced by reproduction, and predator mortality aligns with energy intake. Numerical simulations show that prey populations initially grow rapidly, then decline as they reach carrying capacity, while predator populations grow after a time lag and eventually stabilize. The results are further supported by the eigenvalue analysis, confirming local asymptotic stability. The proposed model realistically captures predator-prey dynamics, demonstrating that the inclusion of anti-predator behavior and a Holling type III response significantly affects population trajectories and system stability. This framework provides a more ecologically valid approach for studying long-term species coexistence and highlights the importance of incorporating behavioral responses in ecological modeling.