Homology models of wild-type and mutant B . tabaci nAChRs and a schematic of mutations in BTβ1 conferring resistance to multiple neonicotinoids in B . tabaci .

A docking prediction for imidacloprid is shown at the orthosteric site located between α1 (yellow) and (A) β1 (orange) or (B) BTβ1 A58T&R79E (orange) subunits. Green dashes show attractive electrostatic (A) or hydrogen bond (B) interactions and red dashes show a repulsive electrostatic interaction (B). (C) nAChRs containing wild-type BTβ1 that allow the neonicotinoids-binding leads to the sensitivity of B . tabaci . (D) nAChRs containing BTβ1 A58T&R79E that electrostatically repulse neonicotinoids-binding leads to the resistance of B . tabaci .